12.4 Ackerman, A. 1898. Thierbastarde: Zusammenstellung der bisherigen Beobachtungen über Bastardirung im Thierreiche nebst Literaturnachweisen. Theil II: Die Wirbelthiere. Kassel: Weber and Weidemeyer.
13.7 Adams, C. 1984. The straight dope. Chicago: Chicago Review Press.
15.4 Adolph, E. F. 1947. Physiology of man in the desert. New York: Interscience.
20.1 Agar, N. S., and P. G. Board. 1984. Phenotypic variation of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase in the pig. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 15:63-66.
20.4 Aguinaldo, A.M., J.M. Turbeville, L.S. Linford, M.C. Rivera, J.R. Garey, R.A. Raff, and J.A. Lake. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387:489-493.
20.7 Aiello, L., and C. Dean. 1990. An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy. London: Academic Press.
21.1 Ajayi, J. F. E., and M. Crowder. (eds.) 1985. Historical atlas of Africa. New York: Longmans.
21.5 Alberman, E., and M. R. Creasy. 1975. Factors affecting chromosome abnormalities in human conceptions. In: Chromosome variations in human evolution, Symp. Soc. Study Human Biol., ed., A. J. Boyce, no. 14, pp. 83-95. New York: Halstead.
23.4 Albrect, H., and S. C. Dunnett. 1971. Chimpanzees of western Africa. Munich: R. Piper.
25.5 Alix, E., and A. Bouvier. 1877. Sur un nouvel anthropoid (Gorilla mayêma) provenant de la region du Congo. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., pp. 488-490.
26.9 Allen, J. 1931. Gorilla hunting in southern Nigeria. Nigerian Field 1:4-9.
27.1 Allen, M.L., and W.B. Lemmon. 1981. Orgasm in female primates. Am. J. Primatol. 1:15-34.
27.5 Alvarez, L.W. 1980. Asteroid theory of extinctions strengthened. Science 210:514.
27.6 Alvarez, L.W., F. Alvarez, F. Asaro, and H.V. Michel. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208: 1095-1108.
27.7 Amadon, D. 1966. Insular Adaptive radiation in birds. In: Proceedings of the symposium of the Galapagos International Scientific Program, ed., R.I. Bowman, pp.18-20. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press.
27.83 Ameghino, F. 1899. Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos fósiles de la República Argentina, obra escrita bajo los auspicios de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de la República Argentina para prestarla á la Exposicion Universal de Paris de 1889. Actas Acad. Cienc., Cordoba 4:1027 pp.
27.85 ——1895. Première contribucion a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Bol. Inst. Geog. Argent. 15:1-60.
27.87 ——1902. Linea filogenética do los Proboscideos. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 8:19-43.
27.88 Anderson, E. 1984. Who’s who in the Pleistocene: A mammalian bestiary. In: Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, eds., P.S. Martin and R.G. Klein. Pp. 40-89. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press.
27.9 Anderson, S., and J.K. Jones (eds.). 1984. Orders and families of recent mammals of the world. New York: John Wiley.
28.1 Anderson, W.S. 1939. Fertile mare mules. J. Hered. 30:549-551.
28.2 Andrews, R.C.W. 1904. On the pelvis and hind-limb of Muellerornis betsilei M. Edwards and Grandidier: with a note on the occurrence of a ratite bird in the Upper Eocene beds of the Fayum, Egypt. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1:163-171.
28.3 Angst, R. 1967. Beitrag zum Formwandel des Craniums der Pongiden. Z. Morph. Anthrop. 58:109-151.
28.4 Animal Breeding Abstracts (anonymous) Sperm production in bison-cattle hybrids. 1979. Vol. 47, No. 5866.
28.7 Animal Breeding Abstracts (anonymous) Turkey-chicken hybrid. 1989. Vol. 57, No. 4680.
29.1 Antonius, J.I., S.A. Ferrier, and L.A. Dillingham. 1971. Pulmonary embolus and testicular atrophy in a gorilla. Folia Primatologia, 15:277-292.
29.4 Antonius, O. 1950. Fructbare Maultiernachzucht. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Suppl., 145:25.
29.5 Archer, M., and L.Dawson. 1982. Revision of marsupial lions of the genus Thylacoleo (Thylacoleonidae, Marsupialia) and thylacoleonid evolution in the late Cainozoic. In: Carnivorous marsupials. vol. 2, pp. 476-494. Mosman, N.S.W., Australia: Royal Zool. Soc. of New South Wales.
29.7 Archibald, J.D., and W.A. Clemens. 1984. Mammal evolution near the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In: Catastrophes and earth history, pp. 339-384. Princeton: Princeton U.P.
30.1 Ardrey, R. 1969. African genesis. 4th ed. New York: Dell.
30.8 ——1976. The hunting hypothesis. New York: Atheneum.
33.5 Arefjev, V.A. 1989. Karyotypic variability in successive generations after hybridization between great sturgeon, Huso huso (L.), and the sterlet, Acipenser ruthenus (L.). J. Fish Biol. 35:819-828.
33.8 Arnold, M.J. 1993. Iris nelsonii (Iridaceae):Origin and genetic composition of a homoploid hybrid species. Am. J. Bot. 80:577-583.
34.1 Arnold, M.J., and B.D. Bennett. 1993. Natural hybridization in Louisiana irises: Genetic variation and ecological determinants. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed., R.G. Harrison, pp. 115-139. New York: Oxford U.P.
34.4 Aronoff, M., P. Fleishman, and D.L Simon. 1976. Experience in the application of porcine xenografts to split-graft donor sites. J. Trauma 16:280-283.
36.2 Ashley-Montagu, M.F. 1937. Note on the external genitalia of three Old World primates. Anat. Rec. 69:389-405.
36.3 ——1964. Comments on the human revolution. Current Anthropology 5:160-161.
36.4 ——1973. On the relation between body size, waking activity, and the origin of social life in primates. In: The origin and evolution of man, ed., M.F. Ashley-Montagu, pp. 385-387. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
37.3 Ashton, E.T., and T.F. Spence. 1956. Age changes in the cranial capacity and foramen magnum length in hominoids. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 126:315-325.
38.2 Asmundson, V.S., and F.W. Lorenz. 1957. Hybrids of ring-necked pheasants, turkeys and domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 36:1323-1334.
39.4 Atkinson, W.B., and H. Elftman. 1950. Female reproductive system of the gorilla. In: The anatomy of the gorilla, ed., W.K. Gregory, pp. 205-207. New York: Columbia U.P.
40.6 Auffenberg, W. 1962. A redescription of Testudo hexagona Cope. Herpetologica 18:27-34.
40.8 Auffenberg, W., and W.G. Weaver. 1969. Gopheris berlanieri in southeastern Texas. Bull. Florida State Mus. 13:141-203.
41.2 Avise, J.C., and S.W. Duvall. 1977. Allelic expression and genetic distance in hybrid macaque monkeys. J. Hered. 68:23-30.
42.3 Avise, J.C., and N.C. Saunders. 1984. Hybridization and introgression among species of sunfish (genus Lepomis): Analysis by mitochondrial DNA and allozyme markers. Genetics 108:237-255.
45.1 Baba, H. 1985. Hindlimb osteometry of mammals. In: Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses and bipedalism, ed., Shiro Kondo, pp. 181-199. Tokyo: Univ. Tokyo Press.
50.1 Baccaredda-Boy, A. 1964. A note on the cutaneous arterial vessels of some primates. Angiologica 1:209-212.
51.1 Bacetti, B., A. Burrini, and E. Falchetti. 1991. Spermatozoa and relationships in palaeognath birds. Biology of the Cell 71:209-216.
53.64 Baker, R.J., W.J. Bleier, and W.R. Atchley. 1975. A contact zone between karyotypically characterized taxa of Uroderma bilobatum (Mammalia:Chiroptera). Syst. Zool. 24:133-142.
53.7 Bakker, R.T. 1986. The dinosaur heresies. New York: William Morrow.
53.8 Ballerio, C., and A. Giarola. 1962. Disformie nemaspermiche e aborti 'a repetizione'. Annali. Ostet. Ginec. 84:911.
53.85 Balon, E.K., J.J. Duvené de Wit, and J. Holcik. 1962. The early stages of development of the intersubfamiliar hybrid Puntius anoplus × Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae). Anatomischer Anzeiger 168: 102-112.
53.85 Banister, K., and A. Campbell. 1985. The Encyclopedia of Aquatic Life. New York: Facts on File.
53.9 Banks, W.J. 1974. Histology and comparative organology: a text-atlas. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
54.1 Barbour, R.A. 1977. The anatomy of marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, eds., B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, pp. 237-272. Baltimore: University Park Press.
55.1 Barone, R. 1968. Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques. 2 vols. Lyon: Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Laboratoire d'Anatomie.
55.6 Barrowclough, G.F. 1980. Genetic and phenotypic differentiation in a wood warbler (Genus Dendroica) hybrid zone. Auk 7:655-668.
56.2 Barton, N.H., and S. Rouhani. 1991. The probability of fixation of a new karyotype in a continuous population. Evolution 45:499-517.
57.6 Basrur, P.K. 1969. Hybrid Sterility. In: Comparative Mammalian Cytogenetics, ed., K. Benirschke, pp. 107-131. New York: Springer Verlag.
57.7 Bateson, W. 1894. Materials for the study of variation. London: Macmillan.
58.2 Bauchot, R., and H. Stephan. 1969. Encephalisation et niveau evolutif chez les simiens. Mammalia (Paris) 33:225-275.
58.8 Bauman, J.E. 1926. Observations on the strength of the chimpanzee and its implications. J. Mamm. 7:1-9.
63.4 Beckett, F.E. 1965. Effective temperature for evaluating or designing hog environments. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 8:163-166.
63.8 Beckett, F.E., and R.F. Barron. 1970. Heat transfer from a pig to the floor. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, no. 70-565.
64.2 Becze, J. 1957. [Examination of the sexual functions of mules.] Fahibridek ivari mükodésének vizsgalata ösvéeken. Thesis, Budapest. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 26, No. 595)
64.5 ——-1958. Untersuchungen an Maultieren zur Feststellung der Geschlechtstätigkeit von Arthybriden. Arch. Tierz. 1:153-168.
65.1 Bedford, J.M. 1967. Observations on the fine structure of spermatozoa of the Bush Baby (Galago senegalensis), the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and man. Am. J. Anat. 121: 443-460.
65.3 ——1974. Biology of primate spermatozoa. Contrib. Primat. 3:97-139.
66.7 Bedford, J.M., M.J. Bent, and H. Calvin. 1973. Variations in the structural character and stability of the nuclear chromatin in morphologically normal human spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fert. 33:19-29.
67.1 Behrman, S.J., and G.W. Patton. 1988. Evaluation of fertility in the 1980s. In: Progress in Infertility, eds., S.J. Behrman, R.W. Kistner, and G.W. Patton, 3rd ed., pp. 1-22. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
67.3 Bengtsson, B.O. 1980. Rates of karyotypic evolution in placental mammals. Hereditas 92:37-47.
67.35 Beniashvili, D. S. 1989. An overview of the world literature on spontaneous tumors in nonhuman primates. Journal of Medical Primatolology, 18:423–437.
67.4 Benirschke, K., and F.D. Adams 1980. Gorilla diseases and causes of death. J. Reprod. Fert. 28(suppl.):139-148.
68.3 Bennett, D.G. 1975. External parasites. In: Diseases of Swine, ed., H.W. Dunne. pp. 767-79. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State U.P.
69.9 Benton, M.J. (ed.) 1993. The fossil record 2. London: Chapman & Hall.
70.2 Berger, G. 1985. Monkeys and Apes. New York: Arco Publishing. (English translation of Das grosse Affenbuch)
71.6 von Beringe, O. 1903. Bericht des Hauptmanns von Beringe über seine Expedition nach Ruanda. Deutsches Kolonialblatt pp. 234-235,264-266,296-298,317-319.
72.5 Berman, A. 1957. Influence of some factors on the relative evaporation rate from the skin of cattle. Nature 179:1256.
72.6 Bert, T.M., and R.G. Harrison 1988. Hybridization in western atlantic stone crab (genus Menippe): Evolutionary history and ecological context influence species interactions. Evolution 42:528-544.
72.8 Bhatnagar, M.K. 1968. Cytogenetic studies of some avian species. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Guelph, Canada.
73.3 von Bischoff, T.L.W. 1877. Untersuchung der Eingeweide und des Gehirns des im Winter 1875 in Dresden verstorben Chimpansé-Weibchens. Mitt. K. Zool. Mus. Dresden 2:251-260. tinyurl.com/yaz8nm6s
73.4 ——1880. Beiträge zur anatomie des Gorilla. Abhandl. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math. -Phys. Cl., München 13(3):1-48.
73.53 Bishop, W.H. 1964. The paternal contribution to embryonic death. J. Reprod. Fert. 7:383.
73.56 ——1970. Ageing and reproduction in the male. J. Reprod. Fert. 12(suppl.):65.
73.58 Blackwell, J.M., and C.M. Bull 1978. A narrow zone between two western Australia frog species Raindella insignifera and R. pseudoinsignifera: The extent of introgression. Heredity 40:13-25.
73.6 Bock, I.A. 1984. Interspecific hybridization in the Genus Drosophila. In: Evolutionary Biology, eds., M.K. Hecht, B. Wallace and G.T. Prance, Vol. 18, pp. 41-70. New York: Plenum Press.
73.8 Böer, M. 1983. Several examinations on the reproductive status of lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Hanover Zoo. Zoo Biology 2:267-280.
74.1 Bogart, J.P. 1969. Chromosomal evidence for evolution in the genus Bufo. Dissertation. Austin: Univ. Texas Press.
74.15 ——1972. Karyotypes. In: Evolution in the genus Bufo, ed., W.F. Blair, pp. 171-195. Univ. Texas, Austin.
74.2 ——1980. Evolutionary implications of polyploidy in amphibians and reptiles. In: Polyploidy: biological relevance, ed., W.H. Lewis, pp. 341-378. Plenum Press, New York.
74.3 Bolau, H. 1876. Die menschenähnlichen Affen des Hamburger Museums. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen. tinyurl.com/yaddem74
74.7 Bolk, L. 1926a. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an einem Fetus eines Gorilla und eines Schimpansen. Z. Anat. Entw. Gesch. 81:1-89.
74.8 ——1926b. Das Haarkleid eines Fetus von Schimpansen (Natura Artis Magistra) Bijdr. Dierk. 21:57-75.
74.881 Bone, Q. and T. Goto. 1991. The nervous sytstem. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths, eds., Q. Bone, H. Kapp, and A.C. Pierrot-Bults, pp.20-31.. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
74.883 Bone, Q., H. Kapp, and A.C. Pierrot-Bults. 1991. Introduction and relationships of the group. In: The Biology of Chaetognaths, eds., Q. Bone, H. Kapp, and A.C. Pierrot-Bults, pp.1-4. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
74.885 Boorstin, D.J. 1983. The discoverers. New York: Random House.
74.89 Boué, J., A. Boué, and P. Lazar. 1975. Retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies of 1500 karyotyped spontaneous human abortions. Teratology 12:11-26.
74.9 Bouet, G., and H. Neuville. 1930. Recherches sur le genre Hylochoerus. Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Series 6, 5:215-304.
78.3 Bowler, P.J. 1989. Evolution: The history of an idea. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press.
79.3 Boyd, G.I. 1930. The emissary foramina of the cranium in man and the anthropoids. J. Anat. 65:108-121.
79.6 ——1934. The emissary foramina of the cranium in primates. J. Anat. 69:113-117.
80.3 Boyden, A., and D. Gemeroy. 1950. The relative position of the Cetacea among the orders of Mammalia as indicated by precipitin tests. Zoologica 35:145-151.
80.7 Bragga, J. 1993. Ossification du processus styloïde chez les pongidés. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris., ser. II, 317:273-277.
81.3 Branch, B. 1988. Field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern Africa. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis.
81.6 Brandt, H.P. 1972. A phalangeal osteolysis syndrome in a male gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla). In: Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Erkrankungen Zootiere, Wroclaw, eds., R. Ippen and H.D. Schröder. Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
82.5 Brantanov, K., V. Dikov., and V.K. Dokov. 1964. Recherches sur l'infecondite chez l'hybride male. [Investigations on the infertility of the male hybrid.] 5th Int. Cong. Anim. Reprod. A. I. (Trento), Vol. III, 560-564. (Animal Breeding Abstacts, 33, No. 25).
83.8 Breuil, H., and H. Obermaier 1935. The cave of Altimira at Santillana del Mar, Spain. Madrid: Tipographía de Archivos.
85.7 Briggs, J.C. 1987. Biogeography and plate techtonics. New York: Elsevier.
87.6 Brit, K. 1978. The joy of pigs. National Geographic 154:398-415.
89.3 Brock, R.D. 1954. Fertility in Lilium hybrids. Heredity 8:409-420.
89.5 ——1955. Chromosome balance and endosperm failure in Hyacinths. Heredity 9:199-222.
89.7 Broili, F. 1927. Ein rhamphorynchus mit Spuren von Haarbedekung. Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abt., 49-67; Munich.
89.73 ——1938. Beobachtungen an Pterodactylus. SitzungSitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch- naturwissenschaftliche, Klasse, 49-67; Munich.
89.75 ——1939. Ein Dorygnathus mit Hautresten Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch -naturwissenschaftliche, Klasse, 129-132; Munich.
90.1 Bronaugh, R.L., R.F. Stewart, and E.R. Congdon. 1982. Methods for in vitro percutaneous absorption studies II. Animal models for human skin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62:481-488.
92.4 Bronowski, J. 1974. The ascent of man. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
95.1 Brown, W.M., and R.L Hallberg. 1972. Relatedness of mitochondrial DNA in primates. Fed. Proc. 31(2): No. 1173.
95.5 Brown, W.M., M. George, and A.C. Wilson. 1979. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 76:1967-71.
97.5 Bruce, E.J., and F.J. Ayala. 1979. Phylogenetic relationships between man and the apes: electrophoretic evidence. Evolution 33:1040-1056.
97.53 Brumback, R.A. 1974. A third species of the owl monkey (Aotus). J. Hered. 65:321-323.
97.55 Brusca, R.C. and G.J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer.
97.57 Buffetaut, E., J. le Loeuff, P. Mechin, and A. Mechin-Salessy. 1995. A large French Cretaceous bird. Nature 377:110.
97.6 Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de. 1749-1804. Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière. 44 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, puis Plassan.
97.65 de Buffrénil, V., and Jean-Michel Mazin. 1990. Bone histology of the ichthyosaurs: Comparative data and functional interpretation. Paleobiology 16:435-447.
97.66 Bühler, P. 1992. Light bones in birds. In: Papers in Avian Biology, ed. K.E. Campbell, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, no. 36., pp. 385-393.
97.665 Bull, J. and J. Farrand. 1977. The Audubon Society field guide to North American birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
97.67 Burghelle-Mayeur, C., C. Geffrotin, and M. Vaiman. 1992. Sequences of the swine 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) and a portion of the opposite-strand overlapping gene of unknown function previously dexcribed in human. Biochimica and Biophysica Acta 1171:153-161.
98.3 Burkl, W. 1958. Mikroskopische Anatomie des Oesophagus, des Magens und des Darmes. In: Primatologia, eds., H. Hofer, A.H. Schultz and D. Starck, Vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 208-354. New York: S. Karger.
99.2 Burton, A.C. 1961. Special features of the circulation of the skin. In: Advances in biology of skin. Blood vessels and circulation, eds., W. Montagna and R.A. Ellis, Vol. 2, pp. 117-122. Oxford: Pergamon.
99.6 Bush, G.L., S.M. Case, A.C. Wilson, and J.L. Patton. 1977. Rapid speciation and chromosomal evolution in mammals. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 3942-3946.
100.1 Bustad, L.K., and V.G. Horstman. 1985. Pigs: From B.C. to 2000 A.D.: From outhouse to penthouse. In: Swine in biomedical research, ed., E.M. Tumbleson, Vol. 1, pp. 2-15. New York: Plenum Press.
101.4 Butler, H. 1966. Some notes on the distribution of primates in the Sudan. Folia Primatologia, 4:416-423.
101.63 Bynum, W.F., E.J. Browne, and R. Porter. 1981. Dictionary of the History of Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
101.65 Cabanac, M., and H. Brinnel. 1985. Blood flow in the emissary veins of the human head during hyperthermia. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 54:172-176.
101.66 Caldecott, J.O., R.A. Blouch, and A.A. Macdonald. 1993. The Bearded pig (Sus barbatus). In: Pigs, peccaries, and hippos, ed., W.L.R. Oliver, pp. 136-145. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
101.665 Calder, W.A. 1978. The kiwi. Sci. American 239(1):132-142.
101.67 Campbell, N.A. 1987. Biology. Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
101.8 Capanna, E. 1973. Concluding remarks. In: Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution, eds., A. B. Chiarelli and E. Capanna, pp. 681-695. London: Academic Press.
101.85 Caputa, M., G. Perrin, and M. Cabanac. 1978. Écoulement sanguin réversible dans la veine opthalmique: mécanisme d'une refroidissement sélectif du cerveau humain. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, ser. D, 287:1011-1014.
101.855 Carothers, E.E. 1941. Interspecific grasshopper hybrids (Trimerotropis citrina × T. maritima; F1, F2, and backcrosses. Proc. 7th international Genetical Cong. (1939), pp. 84-85.
101.857 Carpenter, W.B. 1851. Principles of physiology: General and comparative. Philadelphia: Saunders.
101.86 Carr, M.C., Ballinger, S.C., Derr, J.N., Blankenship, L.H., and Bickham, J.W. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of hybridization between sympatric white-tailed deer and mule deer in west Texas. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:9576-9580.
101.88 Carson, H.L., K.Y. Kaneshiro, and F.C. Val. 1989. Natural hybridization between the sympatric Hawaiian species Drosophila silvestris and D. heteroneura. Evolution 43:190-203.
101.885 Carwardine, M. 2000. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises. New York: Dorling Kindersley.
101.895 Catling, P.M. and V.R Catling. 1997. The morphological discrimination of Platanthera huronensis in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Lindleyana 12:72-78.
101.9 Cena, K., J.A. Clark, and J.R. Spotila. 1984. Thermoregulation. In: Biology of the integument, eds., J. Bereiter-Hahn, A.G. Matoltsy and K.S. Richards, Vol. 2, pp. 516-534. New York: Springer-Verlag.
101.95 Chapin, J.P. 1948. Variation and hybridization among the paradise flycatchers of Africa. Evolution 2:111-126.
102.1 Chapman, H.C. 1881. On the structure of the Orang Outang. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1880: 160-175. tinyurl.com/ybazy9t5
102.2 Chaudhuri, A., and R.K. Mandal. 1981. Interfamily hybridization in catfishes. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 49, No. 1118).
Chave, E. H., Randall, H. A. 1971. Feeding behavior of the moray eel, Gymnothorax pictus. Copeia, 1971: 570–574.
102.25 Chen, P.-j., Dong, Z.-m., and Zhen, S.-A. 1998. An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixuan Formation of China. Nature 391:147-152.
102.3 Chen, Z.J. and C.S. Pikaard. 1997. Epigenetic silencing of RNA polymerase I transcription: A role for DNA methylation and histone modification in nucleolar dominance. Genes Dev. 11:2124-2136.
102.4 Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. 1974. Male-female, female-female, and male-male sexual behavior in the stumptail monkey, with special reference to the female orgasm. Arch. Sex. Behav. 3:95-116.
103.3 Chiarelli, B. 1975. The study of primate chromosomes. In: Primate functional morphology and evolution, ed., R.H. Tuttle, pp. 103-127. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
103.4 Chiarelli, A.B., and Capanna, E. (eds.) 1973. Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution, London: Academic Press.
103.45 Cichorek, M., Wachulska, M., Stasiewicz, A., Tymińska, A. 2013. Skin melanocytes: Biology and development. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postȩpy Dermatologii I Alergologii, 30: 30–41. http://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2013.33376
103.5 Childers, W.F., and G.W. Bennett. 1961. Hybridization between three species of sunfish (Lepomis). State of Illinois, Natural History Survey Division, Biological Notes, No. 46, 1-15.
103.7 Clark, J.D. 1989. The origins and spread of modern humans: a broad perspective on the African evidence. In: The human, revolution, eds., P. Mellars and C. Stringer, pp. 565-568. Edinburgh U.P.
103.9 ——1992. African and Asian perspectives on the origins of modern humans. In: The origin of modern humans and the, impact of chronometric dating, eds., Aitken, M.J., Stringer, C.B., and Mellars, P.A., pp. 148-178. Princeton U.P.
104.2 Clarke, R.C. 1948. "Alfred" the zoo gorilla. Bristol Med. Chir. J. 65:19-20.
104.5 Clarke, R.J. 1979. Early hominid footprints from Tanzania. S. Afr. J. Sci. 75:148-149.
104.55 Clarkson, T. B. 1965. Spontaneous atherosclerosis in subhuman primates. In: Comparative atherosclerosis. J. C. Roberts & R. Straus, eds., pp. 211-214. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, N. Y.
104.64 Clemens, W.A. 1979. Notes on the montremata. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds., J.A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and W.A. Clemens, pp. 309-311. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
104.63 Clemens, W.A. 1979. Marsupialia. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds., J.A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and W.A. Clemens, pp. 192-220. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
104.66 Clemens, W.A., and Z. Kielan-Jaworowska. 1979. Multituberculata. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds., J.A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and W.A. Clemens, pp. 99-149. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
104.67 Clemens, W.A., J.A. Lillegraven, E.H. Lindsay, and G.G. Simpson. 1979. Where, when and what: A survey of known Mesozoic mammal distribution. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds., J.A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and W.A. Clemens, pp. 7-58. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
104.7 Clermont, Y. 1963. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in man. Am. J. Anat. 112:35-45
104.9 Cockrum, E.L. 1952. A checklist and bibliography of hybrid birds in North America north of Mexico. Wilson Bull. 64:140-159.
105.05 Cohen, B.L. et al. 1997. Enigmatic phylogeny of the skuas (Aves:Stercorariidae). Proc. R. Soc. Lond., ser. B. 264(1379): 181-190.
107.5 Cole, C.J., H.C. Dessauer, and G.F. Barrowclough. 1988. Hybrid origin of a unisexual species of whiptail lizard in North America: New evidence and a review. American Museum Novitates. American Museum of Natural History.
111.8 Cole, L.J., and W.F. Hollander. 1950. Hybrids of pigeon by Ring Dove. Am. Natur. 84:275-299.
111.9 Coleman, W. 1962. Georges Cuvier, Zoologist. Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
112.2 Compact edition of the Oxford English dictionary, 1st ed. New York: Oxford U.P.
113.6 Cooke, H.B.S., and S.C. Coryndon. 1970. Pleistocene mammals from the Kaiso formation and other related deposits in Uganda. In: Fossil Vertebrates of Africa, eds., L.S.B. Leakey and R.J.G. Savage, Vol. 2, pp. 107-224. New York: Academic Press.
117.5 Coolidge, H.J. 1933. Pygmy chimpanzee south of the Congo River. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 18:1-59.
117.8 Coombs, W.P. 1984. The Ankylosauria. Dissertation, Columbia U.P.
118.5 Coon, C.S. 1955. Some problems of human variability and natural selection in climate and culture. Am. Natur. 89:257-280.
119.3 Corruccini, R.S., and H.M. McHenry. 1979. Morphological affinities of Pan paniscus. Science 204:1341-1343.
119.6 Cousins, D. 1978. Gorillas -- a survey. Oryx 14:254-258; 374-376.
119.8 ——1980. On the koolokamba -- A legendary ape. Acta Zool. Pathol. Antverp. 75:79-93.
119.9 Cowan, I.M. 1962. Hybridization between the black-tail deer and the white-tail deer. J. Mamm. 43:539-541.
120.1 Cox, P., and C.A. Squier 1986. Variations in the lipids in different layers of the porcine epidermis. J. Invest. Derm. 87:741-744.
121.25 Crabtree, C.B. and D.G. Buth. 1987. Biochemical systematics of the catostomid genus Catostomus: Assessment of C. clarki, C. plebius, and C. discobolus including the Zuni sucker, C.d. yarrowi. Copeia 1987:843-854.
120.6 Cracraft, J. 1974. Phylogeny and evolution of the ratite birds. Ibis 116: 494-521.
121.2 Craft, W.A. 1938. The sex ratio in mules and other hybrid mammals. Q. Rev. Biol. 13:19-40.
122.3 Cramer, D.L. 1977. Craniofacial morphology of Pan paniscus: a morphometric and evolutionary appraisal. New York: S. Karger.
123.7 Cremer T. 1985. Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie der Vererbung. Berlin: Springer.
123.9 Crepet, W.L., and G.D. Feldman. 1991. The earliest remains of grasses in the fossil record. Am J. Bot. 78:1010-1014.
124.2 Cribiu, E.P., M. Matejka, B. Denis, and X. Mahler. 1988. Étude chromosomique d'un hybride chèvre × mouton fertile. Génétique, Sélection, Évolution 20:379-386.
124.3 Crochet, J.Y. 1986. Kasserinotherium tunisiense nov. gen., nov. sp., troisième marsupial découvert en Afrique (Eocène inférieur de Tunisie). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Series II, 14:923-26.
124.45 Cuvier, Baron G. 1812. Récherches sur les ossemens fossiles des quadrupèdes, oú l'on rétablit les caractères de plusieurs espèces d'animaux que les révolutions du globe paroissent avoir détruites. Paris: Deterville.
124.48 ——1818. Essay on the theory of the earth. New York: Kirk & Mercein.
124.5 ——1827. Essay on the theory of the earth. 5th ed. London: T. Cadell.
124.6 ——1817. Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation. Paris: Deterville.
124.8 Dahlberg, M.D. 1968. Natural hybrids between two minnows, Campostoma anomalum and Notropis chrosomus. Bull. Ga. Acad. Sci. 260:155-159.
124.85 Dain, A.R. 1980. A cytogenetic study of a Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) × domestic goat (Capra hircus) hybrid. Experientia 36:1358-1360.
124.9 Damme, K. 1991. Gattung kreuzung zwischen dem Haushuhn (Gallus domesticus) und der Wachtel (Coturnix coturnix japonica) [Interfamilial cross between domestic chicken and japanese quail] Arch. Geflügelk. 55:127-129.
125.1 Daniel, R.K., and H.B. Williams. 1973. The free transfer of skin flaps by microvascular anastomoses. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 52:16-31.
126.3 Darevsky, I.S., L.A. Kupriyanova, and T. Uzzell. 1985. Parthenogenesis in reptiles. In: Biology of the reptilia, eds., C. Gans and F. Billett, Vol. 15, pp. 411-526. New York, Wiley.
130.1 Dart, R.A., and D. Craig. 1959. Adventures with the missing link. New York: Harper and Brothers.
135.5 Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favored races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray.
135.56 ——1872. On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of the favored races in the struggle for life. 6th ed., 2 vols. New York: Rand McNally.
135.6 ——1871. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
.
135.68 ——1952 On the origin of species by means of natural selection. Great Books of the Western World, vol. 49, Chicago: Willam Benton.
135.7 ——1987. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Edited from manuscript by R.C. Stauffer. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
135.75 ——1988. The Variation of animals and plants under domestication. The works of Charles Darwin., vols. 19 & 20, eds., P.H. Barrett and R.B. Freeman. London: William Pickering.
135.79 Darwin, E. 1825. The temple of nature; or the origin of society; a poem with philosophical notes. London: Jones and Co.
135.8 Darwin, F. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
135.85 Dauphin. 1992. Microstructures et composition chimique des coquilles d’oeufs d’oiseaux et de reptiles. III. Oiseaux fossiles du sud de la France. Palaeontographica A: Palaeozoologie-Stratigraphy 224:55-66.
135.9 Davidson, W.S. 1986. Variations in the serum esterases of chimpanzees. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83B: 697-699.
136.2 Dawes, J.D.K., and M.M.L. Prichard. 1953. Studies of the vascular arrangements of the nose. J. Anat. (Lond.) 87:311-322.
136.25 de Deguilleville, Guillaume. 1975. The pilgrimage of the lyf of the manhode, from the French. Translation (c. 1430) of Le pelerinage de vie humaine. New York: AMS Press.
136.33 Deka, R., M. D. Shriver, L. M. Yu, L. Jin, C. E. Aston, R. Chakraborty, and R. E. Ferrell.1994. Conservation of human chromosome 13 polymorphic microsatellite (CA)n repeats in chimpanzees. Genomics 22:226-230.
136.35 Delacour, J. T. 1956. The waterfowl of the world. London: Country Life Ltd.
136.40 de Lassaletta, L. 1958. Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Flachlandgorillas (Gorilla gorilla Savage u. Wyman). Zeitschrift fur Säugetierkunde, 23, 108-114.
136.43 Delbrück, M. 1971. Aristotle-totle-totle, In: Of Microbes and Life, eds., J. Monod and E. Borek, pp. 50-51. New York: Columbia U.P.
136.45 DeMarais, B. D., T. E. Dowling, M. E. Douglas, W. L. Minckley, and P. C. Marsh. 1992. Origin of Gila seminuda (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: Implications for evolution and conservation. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 89:2747-2751.
136.5 Demes, B. 1985. Biomechanics of the primate skull base. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, Vol. 94. New York: Springer-Verlag.
136.9 Deniker, J. 1885. Recherches anatomiques et embryologiques sur les singes anthropoïdes. Poitiers: Typographie Oudin.
137.1 Denis, B., X. Mather, H. Seegers, R. Darre, and H. Berland. 1987. Note sur et a propos d'un hybride chèvre × mouton fertile. Elevage et Insemination 218:3-10.
137.32 Densmore, L. D., J. W. Wright, and W. M. Brown. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). II. C. neomexicanus and C. tesselatus complex. Evolution 43:943-957.
137.34 Densmore, L. D., C. C. Moritz, J.W. Wright, and W.M. Brown. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). IV. Nine Sexlineatus-group unisexuals. Evolution 43:969-983.
137.37 Depéret, C. 1907. Les transformations du monde animal. Paris.
137.56 Desmond, A., and J. Moore. 1991. Darwin. New York: W.W. Norton.
137.65 Desmond, A. 1994. Huxley: From devil’s disciple to evolution’s high priest. Reading, Massachusetts: Helix.
137.75 Dev, V. 1987. Speciation in the Aedes (Stegomia) scutellaris group (Diptera: Cucilidae): Contributing factors”, Mosquito Systematics 19, 119-126.
137.95 Dewey, J. 1910. The influence of Darwin on philosophy and other essays on contemporary thought. New York: H. Holt and Co.
137.95 Dewey, J. 1920. Reconstruction in Philosophy. New York: H. Holt and Co.
138.4 Dewsbury, D. A. 1981. Mammalian sexual behavior: Foundations of contemporary research. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Hutchinson Ross.
139.6 Dexter, J. D., M. E. Tumbleson, D. P. Hutcheson, and C. C. Middleton. 1976. Sinclair (S-1) miniature swine as a model for the study of human alcoholism. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 273:188-193.
139.75 d'Huart, J.-P. 1993. The afro-tropical suids Phacochoerus, Hylochoerus, and Potamochoerus: The forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni). In: Pigs, peccaries, and hippos, ed., W.L.R. Oliver, pp. 84-93. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
139.9 Dixon, D., B. Cox, R. J. G. Savage, and B. Gardiner (eds.) 1988. The MacMillan illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs and prehistoric animals. New York: MacMillan.
140.1 Dixson, A. F. 1981. The natural history of the gorilla. New York: Columbia U. P.
140.5 ——1987. Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behavior in male primates. Zool., Lond. 213:423-443.
140.8 Dixson, A. F., H. D. M., Moore, and W. V. Holt. 1980. Testicular atrophy in captive gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). J. Zool., Lond. 191:315-322.
145.1 Dobzhansky, T., F. J. Ayala, G.L. Stebbins, and J.W. Valentine. 1977. Evolution. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.
152.3 Doolittle, W. F. 1999. Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree. Science 284:2124-2128.
152.35 ——2000 Uprooting the tree of life. Sci. American 260:90-95.
153.4 Dorst, J., and P. Dandelot. 1970. A field guide to the larger mammals of Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
153.7 Douglas, W. R. 1972. Of pigs and men and research: A review of applications and analogies of the pig, Sus scrofa, in human medical research. Space Life Sci. 3:226-234.
154.3 Dowler, R. C. 1989. Cytogenetic studies of three chromosomal races of pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius complex). J. Mamm. 70:253-266.
154.4 Dowling, T. E., G. R. Smith, and W.M. Brown. 1989. Reproductive isolation and introgression between Notropis cornutus and N. chrysocephalus (family Cyprinae): Comparison of morphology, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 43:620-634.
154.5 Dowling, T. E. and B. D. DeMarais. 1993. Evolutionary significance of introgressive hybridization in cyprinid fishes. Nature 362:444-446.
157.5 ——1861b. Explorations and adventures in Equatorial Africa. London: John Murray.
158.1 Duckworth, W. L. H. 1898. A note on an anthropoid ape. Proc. Journal of Zoology, 66: 989–994.
158.2 ——1899. A note on specific differences in the anthropoid apes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1) 312-314.
158.3 ——1915. Morphology and anthropology. 2nd ed. London: Cambridge U.P.
159.2 Duncan, K. E., C. A. Istock, J. B. Graham, and N. Ferguson. 1989. Genetic exchange between Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis: Variable hybrid stability and the nature of the bacterial species. Evolution 43:1585-1609.
159.25 Duncan, P. M. 1891. The apes and monkeys. In: (ed.), Cassell’s natural history, vol. 1, pp. 1-39. London: Cassell & Company. ||jdaeltd
159.3 Dunn, J. L., and K. L. Garrett. 1997. A field guide to the warblers of North America. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin.
159.5 Duplaix, N. 1988. Fleas, the lethal leapers. National Geographic 173:672-694.
159.7 Dürken, B. 1935. Über Artbastarde Rana arvalis Nils. & × Rana fusca Ros. %. Z. Induktive Abstammungs- u. Vererbungslehre 68:468-516.
159.9 Duvernoy, G. L. 1855. Des caractéres anatomiques des grands singes pseudoanthropomorphes. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8:1-248.
160.1 Dyce, K. M., W. O. Sack, and C. J. G. Wensing. 1987. Textbook of veterinary anatomy. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
165.1 Ebling, J. 1985. The mythological evolution of nudity. J. Hum. Evol. 14:33-41.
165.2 von Ebner, V. 1902. Die Geschlectsorgane. In: Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, ed., A. Kollicker, Vol. 3, 6th ed. Leipzig.
165.3 Echelle, A. A., and P. J. Conner. 1989. Rapid, geographically extensive genetic introgression after secondary contact between two pupfish species. (Cyprinodon, Cyprinodontidae). Evolution 43:717-727.
165.4 Echelle, A. A., T. E. Dowling, C. C. Moritz, and W. M. Brown. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA Diversity and the origin of the Menidia clarkhubbsi complex of unisexual fishes. Evolution 43:984-993.
165.6 Echelle, A. A., and A. F. Echelle. 1978. The Pecos River Pupfish, (Cyprinodontidae), with comments on its evolutionary origin. Copeia (4), pp. 569-582.
166.6 Edvinsson, L., E.T. MacKenzie, and J. McCulloch. 1993. Cerebral bloodflow and metabolism. New York: Raven Press.
166.8 Edwards, W.E. 1965. Factors in the superiority of chimpanzee over human strength. ARL-TR-65-10. (6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico).
167.5 Ehlers, E. 1881. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Gorillas und Schimpansen. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttinge. 28:3-77.
167.8 Elder, J.H., and R.M. Yerkes. 1936. Chimpanzee births in captivity. A typical case history and report of sixteen births. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., ser. B, 120:409-421.
168.05 Eldredge, N. 1971. The allopatric model and phylogeny in Paleozoic invertebrates. Evolution 25:156-167.
168.1 ——1987. Life pulse: Episodes from the story of the fossil record. New York: Facts on File.
168.15 ——1995. Reinventing Darwin: The great debate at the high table of evolutionary theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
168.2 Eldredge, N., and S.J. Gould. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Models in paleobiology, ed., T.J.M. Schopf, pp. 82-115. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper.
168.8 Elftman, H., and W.B. Atkinson. 1950. The abdominal viscera of the gorilla. In: The anatomy of the gorilla, ed., W.K. Gregory, pp. 198-201. New York: Columbia U.P.
169.1 Ellegren, H., M. Fredholm, I. Edfors-Lilja, A.K. Wintero, and L. Andersson. 1993. Conserved synteny between pig chromosome 8 and human chromosome 4 but rearranged and distorted linkage maps. Genomics 17:599-603.
169.3 Elliot, D.G. 1913. A review of the primates. Vol. 3. Monograph Series Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York.
170.1 Ellis, R.A., and W.M. Montagna. 1962. The skin of primates. VI. The skin of the gorilla. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 20:79-85.
172.7 Ely, J., R. Deka, R. Chakraborty, and R.E. Ferrell. 1992. Comparison of five tandem repeat loci between humans and chimpanzees. Genomics 14:692-698.
172.8 Elzanowski, A. 1976. Paleognathous bird from the Cretaceous of Central Asia. Nature 264: 51-53.
173.1 Emry, R.J. 1970 A North American Oligocene pangolin and other additions to the Pholidota. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 142:455-510.
176.3 Epstein, C.J. 1986. The consequences of chromosome imbalance. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
177.6 Epstein, H., and M. Bichard. 1984. Pig. In: Evolution of domesticated animals, ed., I.L. Manson, pp. 145-166. New York: Longmans.
178.5 Evans, C.L. 1957. Sweating in relation to sympathetic innervation. Brit. Med. Bull. 13:197-201.
179.3 Ewart, J.C. 1899. The Penycuik Experiments. London: Adam and Charles.
180.1 Ewer, R.F. 1956. The fossil suids of the Transvaal caves. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 127:527-544.
180.5 ——1958. Adaptive features in the skulls of African Suidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 131:135-155.
180.8 ——1970. The head of the forest hog, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 8:43-52.
183.1 Falk, D. 1986. Evolution of cranial drainage in hominids: enlarged occipital/marginal sinuses and emissary foramina. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 70:311-324.
183.25 Farley, J. 1977. The spontaneous generation controversy from Descartes to Oparin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P.
183.3 Federley, H. 1931. Chromosomen analyse der reciproken Bastarde zwischen Pygaera pigra and P. curtula sowie ihrer Rückkreuzungsbastarde. Z. Zellforsch. und Mikroskop. Anat. 12:772-816.
183.6 Fenart, R., and R. Deblock. 1973. Pan paniscus et Pan troglodytes craniométrie: Étude comparative et ontogénique selon les méthodes classiques et vestibulaire. vol. 1, Mus. R. Afr. Cent. Tervuren Belg. Ann. Octavo Sci. Zool. 204:1-473.
183.8 de Fenis, F. 1918. Note sur la formation et la disparition des menisques intra-articulaires du genou. Bull. et Mém. de la Soc. Anthrop. de Paris 9:19-32.
183.9 Fenton, M. B. 1992. Bats. New York: Facts On File.
184.1 Ferris, S. D., W. M. Brown, and A. C. Wilson. 1981. Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2432-2436.
184.2 Ferris, S. D., W. M. Brown, W. S. Davidson, and A.C Wilson. 1981. Extensive polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA of apes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 6319-6323.
184.4 Feruhjelm, M., B. Jonson, and C. G. Lagergren. 1962. The quality of human semen in spontaneous abortion. Int. J. Fert. 7:17.
184.8 Fetner, P.J. 1987. The african safari: The ultimate wildlife and photographic adventure. New York: St. Martin's Press.
186.2 Flannery, T. 1995. Mammals of New Guinea. Ithaca, New York: Cornell U.P.
186.3 Florey, H. 1963. Atherosclerosis. Endeavour, 22:107-111.
186.6 Foose, T., U.S. Seal, and N.R. Flesness. 1987. Captive propagation as a component of conservation strategies for endangered primates. In: Primate conservation in the tropical rain forest, eds., C.W. Marsh and R.A. Mittermeier, pp. 263-302. New York: Alan R. Liss.
187.2 Forsyth-Major, C.J. 1893. On some Miocene squirrels. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 179-215.
187.54 Fossey, D. 1983. Gorillas in the mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
187.6 Foster, J.W., and M.J. Rowley. 1982. Testicular biopsy in the study of gorilla infertility. Am. J. Primatol. 1(suppl.):121-125.
187.8 Fox, C.A., and B. Fox. 1971. A comparative study of coital physiology with special reference to the sexual climax. J. Reprod. Fert. 24:319-336.
187.83 Fox, H. 1929. The birth of two anthropoid apes. J. Mamm. 10:37-51.
187.86 Fox, R.C. 1991. Melaniella timosa n. gen. and sp., an unusual mammal from the Paleocene of Alberta. Can. J. Earth Sciences 21:1335-1338.
187.88 Frair, W., R.G. Ackman, N. Mrosovsky. 1972. Body temperature of Dermochelys coriacea: Warm turtle from cold water. Science 177: 791-793.
187.9 Franquet, E. 1852. Sur le Gabon et sur les diverses espèces de singes psuedo-anthropomorphes d'origine africaine. Arch. Mus. Paris 10:91-97.
188.5 Frechkop, S. 1943. Mammifères. Explor. Parc. Natn. Albert Miss. S. Frechkop, no. 1, pp. 1-186.
188.55 Frechkop, S., and C. Marit. 1968. A propos de certains caractères ostéologiques rencontrés chez des chimpanzés originaires du Maniéma. Bull. Soc. Roy. Belge Anthrop. Préhist. 79:31-40.
188.6 French, F.E., and J.M. Bierman. 1962. Probabilities of fetal mortality. Public Health Rep. 77:835-847.
188.63 Friant, M. 1932. Contribution à l'étude de la differentiation des dents jugales chez les mammiféres. Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat. 1:1-132.
188.64 ——1959. Quelques caractères du squellette chez les oiseaux de la sous-classe des ratites. Acta Anat. 39:300-328.
188.65 Frick, H. 1960. Das herz der primaten. In: Primatologia: Handbook of Primatology, eds., H. Hofer, A.H. Schultz and Starck D., Vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 163-272. New York: S. Karger.
188.7 Frost, G.T. 1987. How did big brains evolve? The role of neonatal body size. Human Evolution 2:193-203.
189.3 Frost, J.S., and J.T. Bagnara. 1977. An analysis of reproductive isolation between Rana magnaocularis and R. berlandieri forreri (Rana pipiens complex). J. Exp. Zool. 202:291-306.
Freund, M. 1962. Interrelationships among the characteristics of human semen and factors affecting semen-specimen quality. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 4:143-159.
191.1 Futuyma, D.J. 1986. Evolutionary Biology. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer.
191.3 Gabow, S.A. 1975. Behavioral stabilization of a baboon hybrid zone. Am. Natur. 109:701-712.
191.4 Gabunia, L.K., N.C. Shevyreva, and U.D. Gabunia. 1985. ? B,D&@6 >"N@*8, 4F8@B",<ZN FJ<R"HZN (Marsupialia) & !244 [Concerning the first discovery of a marsupial in Asia]. Dokl. Akad. Nauk 281(3):684-685.
191.6 Gagnon, J.A. 1970. Renal function in the chimpanzee. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, Vol. 2, pp. 69-99. New York: S. Karger.
191.7 Gallez, G.P., and L.D. Gottlieb. 1982. Genetic evidence for the hybrid origin of the diploid plant Stephanomeria diegensis. Evolution 36:1158-1167.
191.75 Galton, F. 1869. Hereditary Genius.
191.76 Ganderup, N-. C. 2012. Use of swine in biomedical research. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, pp. 573-594. See also online reprint of the cited material in: Swindle, M. M., Smith, A. C. (eds.) 2016. Swine in the Laboratory. Boca Raton: CRC Press. http://tinyurl.com/ybklhb9q
191.78 Ganglosser, U. 1981. Zur Carnivorie bei einigen Kanguruhs im vergleich mit literatur angaben uber Huftiere, speziell weidenkühe. Der Zoolog. Garten, n.s. 51:216-224.
191.8 Gantt, D.G. 1983. The enamel of neogene hominoids: Structural and phyletic implications. In: New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry, eds., R.L. Ciochon and R.S. Corruccini, pp. 249-98. New York: Plenum.
192.1 Gardner, A.L., and J.L. Patton. 1972. Karyotypic variation in oryzomyine rodents (Cricetinae) with comments on chromosomal evolution in the neotropical cricetine complex. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., no. 49, 48 pp.
192.2 Garner, R.L. 1896. Gorillas and chimpanzees. London: Osgood, McIlwaine.
192.5 von Gärtner, C.F. 1849. Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Bastarderzeugung.
192.8 Gartside, D.F. 1972. The Litoria ewingi complex (Anura: Hylidae) in southeastern Australia. III. Blood protein variation across a narrow hybrid zone between L. ewingi and L. parawingi. Aust. J. Zool. 20:435-443.
193.4 Gates, D.M. 1968. Physical Environment. In: Adaptation of domestic animals, ed., E.S.E. Hafez, pp. 46-60. Philadelphia Lea and Febiger.
194.1 Gerhardt, U. 1906. Die Morphologie des Urogenitalsystems eines weiblichen Gorilla. Jena. Zeit. Naturwiss. 41:632-654.
194.3 ——1914. Das Urogenitalsystem der Säugetiere. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen der Thier-reichs, Vol. 4, pt. 5.
194.7 Gerris. J., and I. Khan 1987. Correlation between in vitro fertilization and human sperm density and motility. J. Androl. 8:48-54.
196.2 Getty, R. 1975. Sisson and Grossman's anatomy of domestic animals. 5th ed. New York: W.B. Saunders.
198.3 Ghiglieri, M.P. 1988. East of the mountains of the moon. New York: The Free Press.
198.35 Ghirardelli, E. 1968. Some aspects of the biology of chaetognaths. Adv. mar. Biol. 6:271-375.
198.4 Ghiselin, M.T. 1974. The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press.
198.5 Ghoshal, N.G., and W.A. Khamas. 1986. Blood supply of the nasal cavity of the normal pig. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 15:14-22.
198.7 Ghoshal, N.G., and H. Zguigal. 1986. Dural sinuses in the pig and their extracranial venous connections. Am. J. Vet. Res. 47:1165-1169.
199.2 Gilbert, S.G. 1966. Pictorial anatomy of the fetal pig. Seattle: Univ. Washington Press.
199.4 Gill, F.B. 1980. Historical aspects of hybridization between Blue-winged and Golden-winged warblers. The Auk 97:1-18.
199.7 Gillespie, G.D. 1985. Hybridization, introgression, and morphometric differentiation between Mallard (Anas platyrynchos) and the Grey Duck (Anas superciliosa) in Otago, New Zealand. The Auk 102:459-469.
199.71 Gillispie, C.C. 1996. Genesis and Geology. Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
199.715 Gilmore, D.P. 1977. The success of marsupials as introduced species. In: The biology of marsupials, eds., B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, pp. 169-178. Baltimore: University Park Press.
199.72 Gingrich, P.D., N.A. Wells, D.E. Russell, and S.M. Ibrahim Shah. 1983. Origin of whales in epicontinental remnant seas. Science 220:403-406.
199.74 Glaw, F., and M. Vinces. 1994. A fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar, including mammals and fish. 2nd ed. Bonn: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig.
199.75 Glen, W. 1994. The mass extinction debates: Hos science works in a crisis. Stanford, California: Stanford U.P.
199.76 Gold, J.R., Y. Li, T.R. Schmidt, and D. Tave. 1991. Nucleolar dominance in interspecific hybrids of cyprinid fishes. Cytobias 65:139-147.
199.77 Goldfuss, A. 1831. Beiträge zur Kenntnis verschiednener Reptilen der Vorzeit. Nova Acta Academiae Leopoldinae Carolinae 15:61-128; Breslau and Bonn.
199.8 Goldschmidt, R.B. 1952. Evolution as viewed by one geneticist. Am. Sci. 40:84-98.
199.9 ——1982. The material basis of evolution. New Haven: Yale U.P.
200.1 Golley, F.B. 1962. Mammals of Georgia. Athens, Georgia: Univ. Georgia Press.
200.4 Golubic, S., and A.H. Knoll. Prokaryotes. In: Fossil prokaryotes and protists, ed J.H. Lipps, pp. 51-76. Boston: Blackwell.
202.8 Good, A.I. 1947. Gorilla-Land. Natural History 56:36-46.
203.7 Good, D.A. 1989. Hybridization and cryptic species in Dicamptodon (Caudata: Dicamptodontidae). Evolution 43:728-744.
205.1 Goodall, J. 1983. In the shadow of man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
205.4 Goodall, J. 1986. The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of the Harvard U.P.
205.43 Goodfellow, W. L., C. H. Hocutt, R. P. Morgan, and J.R. Stauffer. 1984. Biochemical assessment of the taxonomic status of Rhinichthys bowersi (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Copeia 1984: 652-659.
205.45 Goodfriend, G. A., and S. J. Gould. 1996. Paleontology and chronology of two evolutionary transitions by hybridization in the Bahamian land snail Cerion. Science 274:1894-1897.
205.9 Goodman, M., G. W. Moore, W. Farris, and E. Poulik. 1970. The evidence from genetically informative macromolecules on the phylogenetic relationships of the chimpanzee. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, Vol. 2, pp. 318-360. New York: S. Karger.
206.17 Gordon, G. H. 1978. Distribution of sibling species of the Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis group in Rhodesia (Mammalia: Rodentia) J. Zool. 186:397-401.
206.2 Gorman, G. C., and L. Atkins. 1968. Natural hybridization between two sibling species of Anolis lizard: Chromosome cytology. Science 159:1358-1360.
206.9 Gould, K. G., and O. R. Kling. 1982. Fertility in the male gorilla (Gorilla): Relationship to semen parameters and serum hormones. Am. J. Primatol. 2:311-316.
207.1 Gould, K. G. 1993. Semen characteristics of the adult male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Am. J. Primatol. 29:221-232.
207.15 Gould, S. J. 1979. Agassiz’s marginalia in Lyell’s Principles, or the perils of uniformity and the ambiguity of heros. Stud. Hist. Biol. 3:119-138.
207.2 ——1980. The uses of heresy: An introduction to Richard Goldschmidt's The material basis of evolution. New Haven: Yale U.P.
207.25 ——1980. The panda’s thumb. New York: W.W. Norton.
207.5 ——1987. Bushes all the way down. Natural History 96:12-19.
207.96 Gould, S. J. and D. S. Woodruff. 1990. History as a cause of area effects: An illustration from Cerion on Great Inagua, Bahamas. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 40:67-98.
208.65 Grant, P. R., and B. R. Grant. 1992. Hybridization of bird species. Science 256:193-197.
208.7 ——1997. Genetics and the origin of bird species. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA 94:7768-7775.
208.8 Grant, V. 1966. The origin of a new species of Gilia in a hybridization experiment. Genetics 54:1189-1199.
208.9 ——1966. Selection for vigor and fertility in the progeny of a highly sterile species hybrid in Gilia. Genetics 53:757-775.
209.1 ——1981. Plant Speciation. New York: Columbia U.P.
209.2 ——1985. The evolutionary process. New York: Columbia U.P.
209.4 Gratiolet, L.P., and P.H.E Alix. 1866. Recherches sur l'anatomie du Troglodytes aubryi, chimpanzé d'une espèce nouvelle. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., pp. 1-264.
209.7 Grau, H., and J. Boessneck. 1959. Handbbuch der Zoologie, Band 8: Mammalia; Beitrag 11: Der Lymphapparat. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
210.1 Gray, A.P. 1953. Mammalian hybrids: a checklist with bibliography. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, Bucks., England.
210.4 ——1971. Mammalian hybrids: a checklist with bibliography. 2nd ed. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, Bucks, England.
210.6 ——1958. Bird Hybrids: A checklist with bibliography. Technical Communication No. 13. The Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics Edinburgh. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
215.1 Gray, G.M., R.J. White, R.H., Williams, and H.J. Yardley. 1982. Lipid composition of the superficial stratum corneum cells of the pig. Brit. J. Derm. 106:59-63.
220.1 Gray, H. 1959. Anatomy of the Human Body. 27th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
220.1b ——1966. Anatomy of the Human Body. 28th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
220.1c ——1985. Anatomy of the Human Body. 30th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
220.1d ——1977. Anatomy, descriptive and surgical. New York: Bounty Books.
222.3 Gregory, W.K. 1951. Evolution emerging: A survey of changing patterns from primeval life to man. 2 vols. New York: McMillan.
222.5 Griffiths, M. 1978. The biology of monotremes. New York: Academic Press.
222.9 Groth, A.H. 1928. A fertile mare mule. J. Hered. 19:413.
222.95 de Grouchy, J., C. Turleau, M. Roubin, and M. Klein. 1972. Évolution caryotypiques de l'homme et du chimpanzé. Étude comparative des topographies de bandes après dénaturation ménagée. Annales de génétique 15:79-84.
223.05 Groves, C.P. 1970. Gorillas. New York: Arco.
223.07 ——1971. Distribution and place of origin of the gorilla. Man 6:44-51.
223.1 ——1986. Systematics of the great apes. In: Comparative primate biology, eds., D.R. Swindler and J. Erwin, Vol. 1, pp. 187-217. New York: Alan R. Liss.
223.2 Grubb, P. 1993. The afro-tropical suids Phacochoerus, Hylochoerus, and Potamochoerus. Taxonomy and description. In: Pigs, peccaries, and hippos, ed., W.L.R. Oliver, pp. 66-79. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
223.25 Grützner, F., Rens, W., Tsend-Ayush, E., El-Mogharbel, N., O'Brien, P.C., Jones, R.C., Ferguson-Smith, M.A., Marshall Graves, J.A. 2004. In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird Z and mammal × chromosomes. Nature, 432(7019):913-917.
223.3 Gunn, R.C. 1850. Letter announcing the shipment of living Thylacines, with remarks on their habits. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, pp. 89-91.
223.4 Gustavsson, I., M., Switonski, K., Larsson, and L. Plöen. 1988. Synaptonemal complex analysis of spermatocytes in hybrids of silver and blue fox. J. Heredity 79:338-343.
223.45 Guyer, M.F. 1900. Spermatogenesis in normal and hybrid pigeons. Dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
223.5 Gyllensten, U., and A.C. Wilson. 1987. Interspecific mitochondrial DNA transfer and the colonization of Scandinavia by mice. Genet. Res. Camb. 49:25-29.
224.6 Habersetzer, J., G. Richter, and G. Storch. 1992. Bats: Already highly specialized predators. In : Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal and W. Ziegler, pp. 179-192. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
225.1 Hafez, E.S.E. 1962. The behavior of domestic animals. London: Ballière, Tindall and Cox.
225.4 ——1968. Reproduction in farm animals. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
230.1 Haldane, J.B.S. 1922. Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals. J. Genet. 12:101-109.
230.2 Hall-Craggs, E.C.B. 1962. The testes of Gorilla beringei. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 139:511-514.
230.25 Haltenorth, T. 1959. Handbbuch der Zoologie, Band VIII: Mammalia; Teil I: Die Klassification der Säugetiere. Beitrag 18: Ordnung Paarhufer, Artiodactyla Owen 1848. 167 pp. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter and Co.
230.26 Hamaguchi, S., and M. Sakaizumi. 1992. Sexually differentiated mechanisms of sterility in interspecific hybrids between Ozias latipes and O. curvinotus. J. Exp. Zool. 263:323-329.
230.27 Hanák, V., and V. Mazák. 1979. The illustrated encyclopedia of mammals. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books.
230.35 Hancock, J.L. 1964. Attempted hybridization of sheep and goats. In: Fifth Int. Cong. on Animal Reprod. and Artific. Insemin., Vol. 3, pp. 445-50. Trento.
230.45 Hanzák, J. 1967. The pictorial encyclopedia of birds. New York: Crown.
230.51 Hardy, K. Bacterial plasmids. Van Nostrand Reinhold: Wokingham, England.
230.53 Harrison, R.G., and J. Arnold. 1982. A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution 36:535-552.
230.57 Harrison, R.J., and W. Montagna. 1973. Man. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
230.58 Harte, C. 1994. Oenothera: Contributions of a plant to biology. New York: Springer-Verlag.
230.6 Hartl, D.L., and A.G. Clark. 1989. Principles of population genetics, 2nd ed., Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer.
231.8 Hartmann, R. 1886. The anthropoid apes. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
231.805 Harvey, W. 1651. Animal Generation, Great Books ed. (1952) Chicago: Encyclopedia Brittanica.
231.81 Hassold, T.J., S.L. Sherman, D. Tettay, D.C. Page, and P.A. Jacobs. 1991. XY chromosome nondisjunction in man is associated with diminished recombination in the pseudoautosomal region. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49:253-260.
231.82 Hayes, C. 1951. The ape in our house. New York: Harper Brothers.
231.83 Hayman, D. L. 1977. Chromosome number — Constancy and variation. In: The biology of marsupials, eds., B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, pp. 27-48.. Baltimore: University Park Press.
231.845 Hebert, P. D. N. 1985. Interspecific hybridization between cyclic parthenogens. Evolution 39:216-220.
231.88 Hedgepeth, W. 1978. The hog book. Double Day & Co.
231.89 Hedges, S. B. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science 283(5404):998-1001.
232.5 Heitman, H., and E. H. Hughes. 1949. The effects of air temperature and relative humidity on the physiological well-being of swine. Journal of Animal Science 8:171-181.
232.6 Harrison, C. and A. Greensmith. 1993. Birds of the world. New York: Dorling Kindersley.
232.7 Heneine W., A. Tibell, W. M. Switzer, P. Sandstrom, G. V. Rosales, A. Mathews, O. Korsgren, L.E. Chapman, T.M. Folks, C.G. Groth 1998 No evidence of infection with porcine endogenous retrovirus in recipients of porcine islet-cell xenografts. Lancet 352(9129):695-9
233.4 Herring, S. W., and R. P. Scapino. 1973. Physiology of feeding in miniature pigs. J. Morph. 141:427-460.
233.43 Hersh, L.B., K. Takane, K. Gylys, C. Moomaw, and C. Slaughter. 1988. Conservation of amino acid sequences between human and porcine choline acetyltransferase. J. Neurochem. 51:1843-1845.
233.45 Hertig, A. T. 1975. Implantation of the human ovum. The histogenesis of some aspects of spontaneous abortion. In: Progress in Infertility, eds., S.J. Berhman and R.W. Kistner, 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
233.5 Hertig, A. T., and J. Rock. 1949. A series of ova recovered from fertile women prior to the first missed period. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 58:968.
233.6 Highton, R., and S. A. Henry. 1970. Evolutionary interactions between species of North American salamanders of the genus Plethodon. Evol. Biol. 4:211-256.
235.1 Hill, W. C. O. 1951. The external genitalia of the female chimpanzee; with observations on the mammary apparatus. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 121:133-145.
235.4 ——1966. Primates: comparative anatomy and taxonomy, Vol. 6. New York: Interscience Publishers.
235.45 ——1967. The taxonomy of the genus Pan. In: Neue Ergebnisse der Primatologie, eds., D. Starck, R. Schneider, and H.-J. Kuhn, pp. 47-54. Stuttgart: Fischer.
235.47 ——1969. The discovery of the chimpanzee. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, Vol. 1, pp. 1-21. New York: S. Karger.
235.5 ——1969. The nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution of chimpanzees. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, Vol. 1, pp. 22-49. New York: S. Karger.
235.7 ——1972. Evolutionary biology of primates. New York: Academic Press.
237.1 Hinton, M. A. C. 1926. Voles and lemmings. British Museum Monographs (Natural History), Vol. 1.
237.6 Hirsch, E. 1903. Über ein Magendivertikel. Virchows Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin 174:576-579.
240.1 Hofer, H. 1969. On the evolution of the craniocerebral topography in primates. Annal. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 162:15-24.
241.5 Honeycutt, R. L., and P. Wilkinson. 1989. Electrophoretic variation in the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramba virgo and its sexual relatives. Evolution 43:1027-1044.
242.3 Horie, T., and Y. Nishikawa. 1954. [Studies on the reproductive ability of mules. II. Studies of the functions of the testis.] Bull. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sci. [chiba]. G, No. 8:143-149. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 23, No. 1591).
242.5 Hosakawa, H., and T. Kamiya. 1961. Anatomical sketches of visceral organs of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla berengii) Primates 3:1-20.
242.7 Hou-Jensen, H.M. 1930. Die Verästelung der Arteria renalis in der Niere des Menschen: Eine historisch-anatomische Untersuchung. Z. f. Anat. u. Entwicklung. 91:1-129.
242.77 Howard, D.J. 1986. A zone of overlap and hybridization between two ground cricket species. Evolution 40:34-43
242.8 Howells, W.W. 1973. Cranial variation in man: A study by multivariate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human populations. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
242.85 Hoyer, B. H., N. W. van de Velde, M. Goodman, and R. B. Roberts. 1972. Examination of hominid evolution by DNA sequence homology. J. Hum. Evol. 1:645-649.
242.9 Hubbs, C. 1955. Hybridization in fishes in nature. Systematic Zoology 4:1-20.
242.92 Hutchinson, J. 1965. Essays on crop plant evolution. London: Cambridge Univ. Press.
242.93 Hutchinson, M. N. and S. C. Donnellan. 1992. Taxonomy and genetic variation in the Australian lizards of the genus Pseudemoia (Scincidae: Lygosominae). Journal of Natural History, 26:215-264.
243.1 Hughes, E. H. 1935. Polydactyly in swine. Journal of Heredity, 26:415-418.
245.1 Hughes, P. E., and Varley, M.A. 1980. Reproduction in the pig. London: Butterworth and Co.
246.1 Huxley, L. 1901. The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. New York: Appleton and Co.
246.5 Huxley, T. H. 1864. Med. Times and Gazette, vols. 1 and 2.
246.7 ——1863. Man's Place in Nature. (1898) New York: Appleton and Co.
246.9 Hyde, J. S. 1978. Understanding human sexuality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
246.95 Inglis, W. G. 1985. Evolutionary waves: patterns in the origins of animal phyla. Aust. J. Zool. 33:153-178. %813%
247.03 Ingram, D. L. 1965. The effect of humidity on temperature regulation and cutaneous water loss in the young pig. Res. Vet. Sci. 6:9-17.
247.1 ——1967. Stimulation of cutaneous glands in the pig. J. Comp. Path. 77:93-98.
248.4 Inhelder, E. 1962. Skizzen zu einer Verhaltens pathologie reaktiver Störungen bei Tieren. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie, Neurochirugie, und Psychiatrie 89:276-326.
249.3 Inoue, M., and S. Hayama. 1961-2. Histopathological studies on two mountain gorilla specimens (Gorilla gorilla beringei) "Munidi & Emmy." Primates 32:29-44.
250.2 Irving, L. 1956. Physiological insulation of swine as bare-skinned mammals. J. Appl. Physiol. 9:414-420.
250.8 ——1972. Arctic life of birds and mammals including man. New York: Springer-Verlag.
252.4 Iwanoff, E. 1915. Untersuchungen über die Ursachen der Unfruchtbarkeit von Zebroiden. Biol. Cent. 25:789-804.
252.5 Izor, R. J., S. L. Walchuk, and L. Wilkins. 1981. Anatomy and systematic significance of the penis of the pygmy chimpanzee, Pan paniscus. Folia Primatologia, 35:218-224.
252.6 Jackson, H. H. 1921. A hybrid deer of the F2 generation. J. Mamm. 2:140-143.
252.65 Jackson, R. C. 1976. Evolution and systematic significance of polyploidy. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7:209-234.
252.7 Jacobshagen, E. 1929. Das Schleimhautrelief des Prosimier-Rumpfdarms mit Beiträgen zur Kenntnis der Kerkringschen Faltensysteme der Anthropoiden und des Menschen. Jena Zeitschrift Naturwiss. 64:1-90.
253.8 Janecka, J. E., Miller, W., Pringle, T. H., Wiens, F., Zitzmann, A., Helgen, K. M., Springer, M. S., Murphy, W. J. 2007. "Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relatives of the Primates" Science, 318: 792-794. tinyurl.com/ybbu2r8q
255.9 Jennings, H. S. 1935. Genetic variations in relation to evolution. Princeton U.P.
256.3 Jennings, M. A., Florey, H. W., Stehbens, W. E., French, J. E. 1961. Intimal changes in the arteries of a pig. J. Path. Bact., 81:49-61.
256.6 Jöel, A. 1962. Zur Aetiologie des habituellen Abortes unter Berücksichtigung des männlichen Faktors. Gynaecologia 154:257.
257.8 Johanson, D. C. 1974. Some metric aspects of the deciduous dentition of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 41:39-48.
258.7 Johnsgard, P. A. 1960. Hybridization in the Anatidae and its taxonomic implications. Condor 62:25-33.
259.6 Johnston, H. H. 1905. On the nomenclature of the anthropoid apes as proposed by the Hon. Walter Rothschild. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (2), 70-74.
259.7 Johnston, R. F. 1969. Taxonomy of house sparrows and their allies in the Mediterranean basin. Condor 71:129-139.
259.8 Jones, F. W. 1929. Man's place among the mammals. London: E. Arnold and Co.
260.2 Jones, T. R., E. J. Routman, D. J. Begun, J. P. Collins. 1995. Ancestry of an isolated species of salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Lowe: The evolutionary significance of hybridization. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 4:194-202.
262.5 Jørgensen, A. L., C. Jones, C. J. Bostock, and A. L. Bak. 1987. Different subfamilies of alphoid repetitive DNA are present on the human and chimpanzee homologous chromosomes 21 and 22. EMBO 6:1691-1696.
265.9 Karpechenko, G. D. 1927. Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus L. × Brassica oleracea L. Zeit. Ind. Abst. Vererbungslehre 48:1-58.
266.4 Kawamura, T. 1950. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. II. Interspecific hybrids in red-colored frogs. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, Div. 1, 11:61-70.
266.5 ——1950. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. III. Reciprocal hybrids between Triturus phyrrhogaster (Boie) and Triturus ensicauda (Hollowell) J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, Div. 1, 11:71-79.
266.6 ——1952. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. IV. Hybrids between Hynobius nebulosus (Schlegel) and Hynobius naevius (Schlegel). J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, Div. 1, 13:139-148.
266.7 ——1953. Studies on hybridization in amphibians. V. Physiological isolation among four Hynobius Species. J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., ser. B, Div. 1, 14:73-116.
266.9 Kear, J., and R. K. Murton. 1976. The origins of Australian waterfowl as indicated by their photoresponses. In: 16th Int. Ornith. Conf., eds., H.J. Frith and J.H. Calaby, pp. 83-97. Griffin Press: Sydney, Australia.
267.1 Keast, A. 1972.Australian mammals: Zoogeography and evolution. In: Evolution, mammals, and the southern continents, eds., A. Keast, F.C. Erk, B. Glass, pp. 195-246. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
267.8 Keith, A. 1899. On the chimpanzees and their relationship to the gorilla. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1), 296-312.
268.5 Keith, A., and F. W. Jones. 1902. A note on the development of the fundus of the human stomach. J. Anat., n.s. 160:34-38.
269.3 Kelemen, G. 1948. The anatomical basis of phonation in the chimpanzee. J. Morph. 82:229-256.
269.45 Kemp, T. S. 1982. Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of mammals. New York: Academic Press.
269.46 Kendrick, K. M., M. R. Hinton, K. Atkins, M. A. Haupt, J. D. Skinner. 1998. Mothers determine sexual preferences. Nature 395: 229-230.
269.47 Key, K. H. L. 1968. The concept of stasipatric speciation. Syst. Zool. 17:14-22.
269.5 Khudr, G., K. Benirschke, and C. J. Sedgewick. 1973. Man and Pan paniscus: A karyological comparison. J. Hum. Evol. 2:323-331.
269.75 Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., T. M. Brown, and J. A. Lillegraven. 1979. Eutheria. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two-thirds of mammalian history, eds., J. A. Lillegraven, Z. Kielan-Jaworowska, and W. A. Clemens, pp. 221-258. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
269.8 Kijima, T., K. Fujii, T. Maruyama, and H. Maeda. 1988. [Histological studies of the gonads of 1, 2 and 3-year-old hybrid sturgeons, bester, between female Huso huso and male Acipenser ruthenus.] Bulletin of the National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan. 14:133-138.
269.98 King, J. M., R. V. Short, D. E. Mutton, and J. L. Hamerton. 1966. The reproductive physiology of male zebra-horse and zebra-donkey hybrids. In: Comparative biology of reproduction in mammals, ed., I. W. Rowlands. Symposia of the zoological society of London, No. 15, pp. 513-527. New York: Academic Press.
270.1 King, J. W. B. 1983. Pigs. Biologist 30:273-276.
270.5 King, M., and A. C. Wilson. 1975. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188:107-116.
270.7 King-Hele, D. 1977. Doctor of revolution: The life and genius of Erasmus Darwin. London: Faber & Faber.
270.9 Kingdon, J. 1979. East African mammals: An atlas of evolution in Africa. New York: Academic Press.
271.4 Kinzey, W. G. 1984. The dentition of the pygmy chimpanzee, Pan paniscus. In: The pygmy chimpanzee, ed., R. L. Susman, pp. 65-88. New York, London: Plenum Press.
271.41 Kirkby, R.J. 1977. Learning and problem solving in marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, eds., B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, pp. 193-208.. Baltimore: University Park Press.
271.42 Kirsch, J.A.W. 1977. The six-percent solution: Second thoughts on the adaptedness of the Marsupialia. Amer. Sci. 65:276-288.
271.43 ——1977. The classification of marsupials. In: The biology of marsupials, ed., D. Hunsaker, pp. 1-50. New York: Academic Press.
271.45 Kitamura, K., K. Kanagawa, M. Kojima, Y. Ichiki, H. Matsuo, and T. Eto. 1994. Complete amino acid sequence of porcine adrenomedullin and cloning of cDNA encoding its precursor. FEBS Letters 338:306-310.
271.5 Knussmann, R. 1980. Vergleichende Biologie des Menschen. New York: Gustav Fischer.
271.6 Koch, W. 1937. Bericht über das Ergebnis der Obduktion des Gorilla Bobby des Zoologischen Gartens zu Berlin. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichender Konstitutionspathologie. Veröff. Konst.-u WehrPath. 9:1-36.
271.8 Kock, D. 1967. Die Verbreitung des Schimpansen, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii (Giglioli, 1872) im Sudan. Z. Säugetierk. 32:250-255.
272.8 Koen, A.L., and M. Goodman. 1969. Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes: Qualitative and quantitative changes during primate evolution. Biochemical Genetics 3:457-474.
272.85 von Koenigswald, W. 1982. Die erste Beutelratte aus dem mitteleozänen Ölsciefer von Messel bei Darmsstadt [The first marsupial from the oil shale of Messel bei Darmstadt]. Natur und Museum 112:41-48.
272.9 von Koenigswald W. and G. Storch. 1992. The marsupials: Inconspicuous opposums In : Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal and W. Ziegler, pp. 153-158. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
273.1 Koford, C.B., P.A. Farber, and W.F. Windle. 1966. Twins and teratisms in rhesus monkeys. Folia Primatologia, 4:221-226.
273.2 Köhler, W. 1956. The mentality of apes. New York: Humanities Press.
273.3 Kohne, D.E. 1970. Evolution of higher organism DNA. Q. Rev. Biophys. 3:327-375.
273.8 Kömpf, J., H. Ritter, and J. Schmitt. 1971. Zur transspezifischen Variabilität der Glucose-6-Phosphatdehydrogenase (E.C.: 1.1.1.49) der Primaten. Humangenetik 11:342-344.
274.1 Kopp, E., B. Mayr, and W. Schleger. 1986. Species-specific non-expression of ribosomal RNA genes in a mammalian hybrid, the mule. Chromosoma 94:346-352.
274.2 ——1988. Species-specific non-expression of ribosomal RNA genes in a mammalian hybrid, the hinny. Chromosoma 96:434-436.
274.4 von Koppenfels, H. 1881. Late explorations of the Gaboon. Am. Natur. 15:447-453.
274.9 Korth, W.W. 1994. The Tertiary record of rodents in North America. New York: Plenum Press.
275.5 Kortlandt, A. 1967. Experimentation with chimpanzees in the wild. In: Progress in primatology, eds., D. Starck, R. Schneider and H.J. Kuhn, pp. 208-24. Stuttgart: Fischer.
276.6 Koulischer, L., and S. Frechkop. 1966. Chromosome complement: A fertile hybrid between Equus prjewalskii and Equus caballus. Science 151: 93-95.
276.9 Kozikova, L., and E. P. Steklenev. 1989. Hybridization of domestic hen and the guinea fowl. In: 8th International Symposium on Current Problems of Avian Genetics, Smolenice, April, 1989, Czechoslovakia. Bratislava, Czechoslovakia; Slovak Academy of Sciences, 153-157.
277.2 Kraemmer, D. C., Vera Cruz, N. C. 1972. The female reproductive system. In: Pathology of simian primates, ed., R. N. T-W-Fiennes, Part I, pp. 841-877. Basel: S. Karger.
277.4 Krantz, G. 1968. Brain size and hunting ability in earliest man. Current Anthropology 9:450-451.
280.5 Krider, J. L., J. H. Conrad, and W. E. Carroll. 1982. Swine production. New York: McGraw-Hill.
282.7 Krogman, W.M. 1969. Growth changes in the skull, face, jaws, and teeth of the chimpanzee. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, Vol. 1, pp. 104-164. New York: S. Karger.
283. 8 Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific revolution, 2nd ed. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
284.4 Kummer, B. 1959. Bauprinzipien des Säugerskelets. Thieme: Fischer.
284.6 ——1965. Das mechanische Probleme der Aufrichtung auf die Hinterextremität im Hinblick auf die Evolution der Bipedie des Menschen. In: Menschliche Abstammungslehre, ed., Heberer, pp. 225-48. Stuttgart: Fischer.
284.9 Kummer, H., W. Goetz, and W. Angst. 1970. Cross-species modifications of social behavior in baboons. In: Old World Monkeys. Evolution, systematics and behavior, eds., J.R. Napier and P.H. Napier, pp. 351-363. Academic Press: New York.
285.5 Kurtén, B. 1972. Not from the apes. New York: Random House.
286.5 Kushlan, J.A. 1985. The vestiary hypothesis of human hair reduction. J. Hum. Evol. 14:29-32.
287.1 La Barre, W. 1964. Comments on the human revolution. Current Anthropology. 5:147-150.
287.3 LaChance, L.E. 1984. Hybrid sterility: Eupyrene sperm production and abnormalities in the backcross generations of interspecific hybrids between Heliothis subflexa and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77:93-101.
287.4 Lack, D. 1940. Evolution of the Galapagos Finches. Nature 146:324.
287.42 ——1945. The Galapagos Finches (Geospizinae). A study of variation. Occasional Papers, Calif. Acad. Sci., no. 21.
288.8 Lahbib-Mansais, Y., C. Mellink, M. Yerle, and J. Gellin. 1994. A new marker (NGFB) on pig chromosome 4, isolated by using a consensus sequence conserved among species. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 67:120-125.
289. 3 Lamarck, J.-B. 1809. Philosophie Zoologique, Paris [English trans. H. Elliot, Zoological Philosophy, 1914, MacMillan: London].
289.7 Lambert D. 1991. Dinosaur data book. New York: Gamercy Books.
290.1 Lambrecht, K. 1929. Ergibnesse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens V. Tertiäre Wirbeltiere. 4. Stromeria fajumensis n. g., n. sp., die kontinentale Stammform der Aepyornithidae, mit einer Übersicht über die fossilen Vögel Madagaskars und Afrikas. Abh. Der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung. Neue Folge 4. München.
290.7 von Lange, V., and J. Schmitt. 1963. Das serumeiweissbild der primaten unter besonderer berücksichtigung der haptoglobine und transferrine. Folia Primatologia, 1:208-250.
290.9 Langer, P. 1988. The mammalian herbivore stomach: comparative anatomy, function and evolution. New York: Gustav Fischer.
290.95 Lanham, U.N. 1981. Some Colorado Andrena of the subgenus Scaphandrena of presumed hybrid origin, with special reference to the tarsal claws (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc.54:537-546.
290.96 Lanham, U.N. 1984. The hybrid swarm of Andrena (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in western North America: A possible source for the evolutionary origin of a new species. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 57:197-208.
291.1 Lantz, L.A., and H.G. Callan. 1954. Phenotypes and spermatogenesis of interspecific hybrids between Triturus cristatus and T. marmoratus. J. Genet. 52:165-185.
291.2 Lanzendorf, S.E., W.J. Holmgren, D.E. Johnson, M.J. Scobey, and R.S. Jeyendran. 1992. Hemizona assay for measuring zona binding in the lowland gorilla. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 31:264-267.
291.4 Lanzendorf, S.E., W.J. Holmgren, N. Schaffer, H. Hatasaka, A.C. Wentz, and R.S. Jeyendran. 1992. In-vitro fertilization and gamete manipulation in the lowland gorilla. J. Ass. Reprod. Gen. 9:358-364.
291.6 Larson, J.L. 1971. Reason and experience: The representation of the natural order in the work of Carl von Linné. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
292.1 Laven, H. 1953. Reziprok unterschiedliche Kreuzbarkeit von Stechmücken (Culicidae) und ihre Deutung als plasmatische Vererbung. Z. Induk. Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 85:118-136.
292.2 ——1956. Cytoplasmic inheritance in Culex. Nature 177:141-142.
292.6 van Lawick, H. 1986. Among predators and prey. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
293.3 van Lawick-Goodall, J. 1964. Tool-using and aimed rock throwing in a community of free living chimpanzees. Nature 201:1264-1266.
293.8 Leakey, M. 1978. Pliocene footprints in Laetoli, Northern Tanzania. Antiquity 52:133.
294.4 Leakey, R.E. 1994. The origin of humankind New York: Basic Books.
296.7 Lee, J. E. 1993. Phylogenetic studies on the larvae of the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Japan. Jap. J. Entomology 61:409-424.
297.6 Le Minor, J. M. 1990. Comparative morphology of the lateral meniscus of the knee in primates. Journal of Anatomy, 170:161-171.
301.5 Leriche, R. 1939. Physiologie et pathologie du tissu osseux. Masson, Paris.
303.3 Levin, D. A. 1983. Polyploidy and novelty in flowering plants. Am. Natur. 122:1-25.
303.4 Levine, R. J., M. H. Brown, M. Bell, F. Shue, G. N. Greenberg, B. L. Bordson. 1992. Air conditioned environments do not prevent deterioration of semen quality during the summer. Fertility and Sterility 57:1075-83.
304.4 Levi-Setti, R. 1993. Trilobites. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
305.6 Lewin, B. 1987. Genes. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons.
310.7 Lewis, H. 1966. Speciation in flowering plants. Science 152:167-172.
310.8 Lewis, W.H. (ed.) 1980. Polyploidy: biological relevance. Plenum Press, New York.
316.2 Lieder, U. 1983. Introgression as a factor in the evolution of polytypical plankton cladocera. Int. Rev. gesamten Hydrobiol. 68:269-284.
316.3 ——1987. The possible origin of Daphnia cucullata procurva Poppe 1887 in the lakes of the Pomeranian Lakeland by hybridization in the past. Hydrobiologia 145:201-211.
316.7 Life Magazine, June 23, 1953. (anonymous) Fishing Pig, Vol. 32, no. 25, pp. 115-116.
317.8 Lin, C.C., B. Chiarelli, L.E.M. de Boer, and M.M. Cohen. 1973. A comparison of the fluorescent karyotypes of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and man. J. Hum. Evol. 2:311-321.
318.2 Lippens, S., and L. Lippens Jan. 9, 1937. A rare species to appear at the zoo for the first time: Giant forest hogs in their native wild. The illustrated London news 190:61.
318.6 Lloyd-Jones, O. 1916. Mules that breed. J. Hered. 7:494-502.
318.9 Locke, John. 1690. An essay concerning human understanding.
319.1 Lohi, O. 1982. Golden island fox. Dansk Pelsdyravl 45:147-148. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 51, No. 1068).
319.2 Longman Wildlife Library. 1986. Longman World guide to birds. London: Longman.
319.4 Lopyrin, A.I., and N.V. Loginova. 1953. Remote hybridization of animals. Uspekhi Sovr. Biologii 36 (2):225-27.
320.3 Lorenz, K. 1952. King Solomon's ring. London: Methuen and Co.
320.5 ——1970. Studies in animal behavior and human behavior. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
322.2 Loskutoff, N.M., B. Yee, R.C. Cambre, P.P. Calle, S.L. Huntress, T.R. Bowsher, R.R. Chacon, B.L. Raphael, J.M. Putam, and D.C. Kraemer. 1989. Preliminary report on the efficacy of pergonal for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) in the western lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Ann. Conf. Internat. Embryo Transfer Soc., San Diego. Theriogenology.
323.3 Löve, A., and D. Löve. 1957. Arctic polyploidy. Proc. Genet. Soc. Canad. 2:23-27.
324.3 Lovejoy, A.O. 1936. The great chain of being: A study of the history of an idea. Harvard U.P.
325.5 Lovejoy, C.O. 1975. Biochemical perspectives on the lower limb of early hominids. In: Primate functional morphology and evolution, ed., R.H. Tuttle, pp. 291-325. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
325.8 Luckett, W.P. 1974. Comparative development and evolution of the placenta in primates. In: Contrib. Primat., ed., W.P. Luckett, Vol. 3, pp. 142-234. New York: S. Karger.
326.0 Lucotte, G. 1980. Polymorphisme électrophorétic sériques et érythrocytaires chez le chimpanzé (Pan troglodytes) Hum. Genet. 54:97-102.
326.15 ——1981 Comparaison électrophorétique entre les deux espèces de chimpanzés. Ann. Génét. 24:28-31.
326.1 ——1983. Chimpanzees show less variation than man: Electrophoretic evidence. J. Hum. Evol. 12:419-424.
326.3 Lucotte, G., and J. Lefebre. 1981. Distance electrophoretiques entre l'homme, le chimpanze (Pan troglodytes) et le gorille (Gorilla gorilla) basées sur la mobilite des enzymes erythrocytaires. Human Genetics 57:180-184.
326.36 Luginbühl, H., Jones, J. E. T. 1965. The morphology of spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions in aged swind. In: Comparative atherosclerosis, J. C. Roberts, R. Straus., eds., pp. 3-20. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, N. Y.
326.39 Lumb, G. D., Hardy, L. B. 1963. Collateral circulation and survival related to gradual occlusion of the right coronary artery in the pig. Circulation, 27:717-721.
326.44 Lyapunova, E.A., Vorontsov, N.N., Korobitsyna, K.V., Ivanitskaya, E.Y., Borisov, Y.M., Yakimenko, L.V., Dovgal, V.Y. 1980. A Robertsonian fan in Ellobius talpinus. Genetica 52/53:239-247.
326.48 Lyell, C. 1835. Principles of Geology. 4th ed. London: John Murray.
326.5 Lyell, K. 1881. Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. London: John Murray
326.6 MacDonald, A. 1993. The babirusa. In: Pigs, peccaries, and hippos, ed., W.L.R. Oliver, pp. 161-171. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
328.1 McBurney, R.D. 1954. The male factor in sterility and abortions. West. J. Surg. Obstet. Gynec. 62:295.
328.2 McCarthy, E.M., M.A. Asmussen, and W.W. Anderson. 1995. A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation. Heredity 74:502-509.
328.21 McCarthy, E.M. 1995. A theoretical assessment of recombinational speciation. Dissertation. Athens, Georgia: Univ. Georgia Press.
328.213 McCarthy, E. M. 2013a. Evidence of human infertility. Macroevolution.net. ||34s47jv9
328.216 McCarthy, E. M. 2013b. Mammalian hybrids. Macroevolution.net. ||yf2va672
328.22 McClure, H. M. 1973. Tumors in nonhuman primates: Observations during a six-year period in the Yerkes Primate Center colony. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 38:425–429. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330380243. http://tinyurl.com/yc5yo2cr
328.23 McCool, C.J. 1990. Spermatogenesis in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) and hybrids with Bos indicus and Bos taurus. Research in Veterinary Science 48:288-294.
328.24 McDade, L. 1992. Hybrids and phylogenetic systematics. II. The impact of hybrids on cladistic analysis. Evolution 46:1329-1346.
328.25 McDonnell, L.J., D.F. Gartside, and M.J. Littlejohn. 1978. Analysis of a narrow hybrid zone between two species of Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in southwestern Australia. Evolution 32:602-612.
328.27 Macey, M., and L.K. Dixon. 1987. Chromosomal variation in Peromyscus maniculatus populations along an elevational gradient. Evolution 41:676-678.
328.275 MacFadden, B.J., and C.D. Frailey 1984. Pyrotherium, A large enigmatic ungulate (Mammalia, incertae sedis) from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Salla Bolivia. Paleontology 27:867-874.
328.5 McGavin, G.C. 2000. Insects, spiders, and other terrestrial arthropods. New York: Dorling Kindersley.
328.28 MacFarlane, W.V. 1968. Comparative functions of ruminants in hot environments. In: Adaption of domestic animals, ed., E.S.E. Hafez, pp. 264-76. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
328.29 Macnair, M.R. and Q.J. Cumbes. 1989. The genetic architecture of interspecific variation in Mimulus. Genetics 122:211-222.
328.3 McFee, A.F., M.W. Banner, and J.M. Rary. 1966. Variation in chromosome number among European wild pigs. Cytogenetics 5:75-81.
328.6 McGovern, P.T. 1973. The effect of maternal immunity on survival of goat × sheep hybrid embryos. J. Reprod. Fert. 34:215-220.
328.61 ——1975. The barriers to interspecific hybridization in domestic and laboratory mammals. Br. vet. J. 131:691-706.
328.64 McGowan, C. 1973. A note on the most recent ichthyosaur known: An isolated coracoid from the Upper Campanian of Saskatchewan (Reptilia, Icthyosauria) Can. J. Earth Sci. 10:1346-1349.
328.65 ——1978. An isolated ichthyosaur coracoid from the Maastrichian of New Jersey. Can. J. Earth Sci. 15:169-171.
328.66 ——1978. An isolated ichthyosaur coracoid from the Upper Cretaceous Mowry Formation of Wyoming. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15:169-171.
328.67 McHenry, H.M., and R.S. Corruccini. 1980. Late tertiary hominoids and human origins. Nature 285:397-398
328.68 ——1981. Pan paniscus and human evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 54:355-367
328.69 McKenna, M.C. 1980. Early history and biogeography of South America's extinct land mammals. In: Evolutionary Biology of the new world monkeys and continental drift, eds.,R.L. Ciochon and A.B. Chiarelli, pp. 43-77. New York: Plenum Press.
328.7 McKenney, F.D., J. Traum, and A.E. Bonestell. 1944. Acute coccidiomycosis in a mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) with anatomical notes. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass. 104:136-140.
329.1 Macleod, J. 1964. Human seminal cytology as a sensitive indicator of the germinal epithelium. Int. J. Fert. 9:281.
329.2 ——1970. The significance of deviation in human sperm morphology. In: The Human Testis, eds., E. Rosenberg and A.V. Paulsen, p. 481. New York: Plenum Press.
329.5 McPhee, J. The control of nature. The New Yorker: Feb. 22, 1988.
329.3 McNab, B.K. 1980. Energetics and the limits to a temperate distribution in armadillos. J. Mamm. 61:606-607.
330.4 Magner, L.N. 1979. A history of the life sciences. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.
330.45 Maiklem, L. (ed.) Ultimate visual dictionary of science. New York, NY: DK Publishing, Inc.
330.5 Makino, S. 1955. Notes on the cytological features of male sterility in the mule. Experientia 11:224-226.
330.7 Makino, S., Y. Ojima, and Y. Matsui. 1958. Cytogenetical and cytochemical studies in carp-funa hybrids. Nucleus 1:153-162.
330.8 Malbrant, R., and A. MacLatchy. 1949. Faune de l'équateur africain français. Encyclopedie Biologique, Vol. 2. Paris.
331.1 Manfredi Romanini, M. G. 1973. The nuclear DNA content and the evolution of vertebrates. In: Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution, eds., A. B. Chiarelli and E. Capanna, pp. 38-81. London: Academic Press.
331.2 ——1985. The nuclear content of deoxyribonucleic acid and some problems of mammalian phylogenesis. Mammalia 49:369-385.
331.3 ——1988. C-heterochromatin and karyotype analyses in Hominoidea. Inst. Lombardo Accad., Sci. Lett. Rend. (Sci. Chim. Fische. Geol. Biol. Med.) ser. B, 122:69-84. (Biological Abstracts, 1990, No. 119944).
331.35 Mann, T. 1955. The confessions of Felix Krull, confidence man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
331.4 Manwell, C.C., M.A. Baker, and W. Childers. 1963. The genetics of hemoglobin in hybrids. I. A molecular basis for hybrid vigor. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 10:103-120.
333.9 Marchlewski, J.H. 1950. Biological Abstracts, 24, No. 28869.
334.4 Maresch, R. 1896. Über die Zahl und Anordnung der Malphighi'schen Pyramiden in der menschlichen Niere. Anatomischer Anzeiger 12: 299-311.
334.42 Margulis, L., and K.V. Schwartz. 1982. Five kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth. New: York: W.H. Freeman.
334.43 Margulis, L. and K.V. Schwartz 1998. Five kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth, 3rd ed.,New York: W.H. Freeman.
334.45 Marks, J. 1993. Hominoid heterochromatin: Terminal C-bands as a complex trait linking chimpanzee and gorilla. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 90:237-246.
Marson, J., D. Gervais, S. Meuris, R. W. Cooper, P. Jouannet. 1989. Influence of ejaculation frequency on semen characteristics in chimpanzees. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 85:43-50.
334.47 Martin, A.P. and E. Birmingham. 1998. Systematics and evolution of lower Central American cichlids inferred from analysis of cytochrome bgene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9:192-203.
334.5 Martin, D.E., K.G. Gould, and H. Warner. 1975. Comparative morphology of primate spermatozoa using scanning electron microscopy. I. Families Hominidae, Pongidae, Cercopithecidae and Cebidae. J. Hum. Evol. 4:287-292.
334.58 Martin, D.E., and K.G. Gould. 1981. The male genital tract and its secretions. In: Reproductive biology of the great apes, ed., C.E. Graham, pp. 127-162. New York: Academic Press.
334.59 Martin, R.H. 1988. Human sperm karyotyping: A tool for the study of aneuploidy. In: Aneuploidy, part B: Induction and test systems, eds., B.K. Vig and A.A. Sandberg, pp.297-316. New York: Alan R. Liss.
334.595 Martin, W. 1999. Mosaic bacterial chromosomes: A challenge en route to a tree of genomes. Bioessays 21:99-104.
334.6 Masters, W.H., and J.E. Johnson. 1966. Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
334.65 Matsuda, Y., and V.M. Chapman. 1992. Analysis of sex-chromosome aneuploidy in interspecific backcross progeny between
the laboratory mouse strain C57BL/6 and Mus spretus. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 60:74-78.
334.75 Matthey, R. 1949. Les chromosomes des vertebres. Lausanne: F. Rouge.
335.2 Mayr, E. 1932. Notes on thickheads (Pachycephala) from the Solomon Islands. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 522:1-22.
335.3 ——1942. Systematics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia U.P.
335.35 ——1963. Animal species and evolution. Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
335.37 ——1982. The growth of biological thought. Cambridge: Harvard U.P.
335.39 Meager, S. and T.E. Dowling. 1991. Hybridization between the cyprinid fishes Luxilus albeolus, L cornutus and L. cerasinus, with commentson the hybrid origin of Luxilus albeolus. Copeia 1991:979-991.
335.5 Mellen, I.M. 1952. The natural history of the pig. New York: Exposition Press.
335.55 Menezes, N.A. and S.H. Weitzman. 1990. Two new species of Mimagoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudinae), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of Brazil and Paraguay. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103:380-426.
336.6 Menzel, B.W. 1977. Morphological and electrophoretic identification of a hybrid cyprinid fish, Notropis cerasinus × N. c. cornutus, with implications on the evolution of Notropis albeolus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 57B:215-218.
337.5 Merfield, F.G. 1956. Gorillas were my neighbors. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
344.2 Meyer, A.B. 1877. Notizen über die anthropomorphen Affen des Dresdener Museums. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Dresden. pp. 223-247.
344.4 ——1881. Ein angeblicher Bastard zwischen Gorilla und Chimpanse. [An alleged hybrid between gorilla and chimpanzee.] Zoolog. Garten. 22:231-236.
346.6 Michaelis, P. 1954. Cytoplasmic inheritance in Epilobium and its theoretical significance. Advances in Genetics 6:287-401.
348.2 Mijsberg, W.A. 1923. Über den Bau des Urogenitalapparates bei den männlichen Primaten. Verh. K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam 23:1-92.
349.5 Miller, A.H. 1939. Analysis of some hybrid populations of Juncos. Condor 41:211-214.
349.7 ——1955. A hybrid woodpecker and its significance in speciation in the genus Dendrocopos. Evolution 9:317-321.
350.6 Miller, D.A. 1978. Evolution of primate chromosomes: man's closest relative may be the gorilla, not the chimpanzee. Science 198:1116-1124.
354.4 Miller, R.R. and G.R. Smith. 1981. Distribution and evolution of Chasmistes (Pisces: Catostomidae) in Western North America. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 696:1-46.
355.8 Millikan, L.E., L.L. Smith, and J.C. Ochsner. 1985. Animal models in melanoma. In: Models in dermatology, Vol. 1, eds., H.I. Maibach and N.J. Lowe, pp. 23-33. New York: S. Karger.
356.8 Milne-Edwards, H. 1867. Rapport sur les progrès recénts des sciences zoologiques en France. Paris.
357.3 Milner, R. 1990. The encyclopedia of evolution: Humanity's search for its origins. New York: Facts on File, Inc.
357.4 ——1993. The encyclopedia of evolution: Humanity's search for its origins. New York: Henry Holt.
357.45 Mina, M. V. 1992. An interpretation of diversity in the Salmonid genus Brachymystax (Pisces: Salmonidae) as the possible result of multiple hybrid speciation. J. Ichthyol. 32:117-122.
357.5 Minelli, A. 1993. Biological Systematics: The state of the art. New York: Chapman and Hall.
357.7 Mohr, E. 1942. Das Riesen-Waldschwein. Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Thos. Der Zoolog. Garten, n.s. 14:177-191.
358.8 Monboddo, J. B. 1773. Of the origin and progress of language. Edinburgh: Balfour.
360.1 Montagna, W. M. 1962. The structure and function of skin. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
360.3 ——1964. The skin of the domestic pig. J. Invest. Derm. 43:11-21.
360.5 ——1969. Histology and cytochemistry of human skin. XXXIII. The eyelid. Arch. Derm. 100:328-335.
360.7 ——1971. Cutaneous comparative biology. Arch. Derm. 104:577-591.
360.8 ——1972. The skin of nonhuman primates. Am. Zoologist. 12:109-124.
360.9 ——1985. The evolution of human skin. J. Hum. Evol. 14:3-22.
360.85 Montagna, W. M., Parakkal, P. F. 1974. The structure and function of skin. 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press.
365.5 Montagna, W.M., and J.S. Yun. 1963. The skin of primates. XV. The skin of the chimpanzee. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 21:189-197.
376.3 Moore, D.R. and M.R. Miller. 1979. Discovery of Living Bivalved Gastropods in the Florida Keys. The Nautilus 93:106.
376.8 Moore, J. 1735. The Columbarium. London.
377.6 Moore, N.W., C.R.E. Halman, G.H. McDowell, and I.C.A. Martin. 1982. Hybridization between a Barbary ram (Ammotragus lervia Pallas) and goat does (Capra hircus Linnaeus). (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 50, No. 3879).
378.8 Moore, W.S. 1987. Random mating in the northern Flicker hybrid zone: Implications for the evolution of bright and contrasting plumage patterns in birds. Evolution 41:539-546.
379.6 Moorehead, A. 1959. No room in the ark. New York: Harper & Brothers.
379.7 Moor-Jankowski, J., A.S. Wiener, W.W. Socha, E.B. Gordon, and J. Mortelmans. 1972. Blood groups of the dwarf chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) J. Med. Primatol. 1:90-101.
379.8 Moor-Jankowski, J., A.S. Wiener, W.W. Socha, E.B. Gordon, J. Mortelmans, and C.J. Sedgwick. 1975. Blood groups of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus): Human-type and simian-type. J. Med. Primatol. 4:262-267.
370.85 Morcombe, M. 1972. Australian marsupals and other native mammals. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press.
379.9 Moretti, G., and Farris, G. 1963. Die alkalischen Phosphatasen in den Blutgefäßen der Haut bei einigen Primaten. Zeitschrift für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten. 34: 161-172.
380.5 Morgan, E. 1982. The aquatic ape. New York: Stein and Day.
381.2 Morgan, T.H. 1903. Evolution and adaptation. New York: MacMillan.
381.7 Morin, P.A., J.J. Moore, and D.S. Woodruff. 1992. Identification of chimpanzee subspecies with DNA from hair and allele specific probes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., ser. B, 249:293-297.
382.3 Moritz, C.C., S. Donnellan, M. Adams, and P.R. Baverstock. 1989. The origin and evolution of parthenogenesis in Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae): Genotypic diversity among parthenogens. Evolution 43:994-1003.
382.5 Moritz, C.C., J.W. Wright, and W.M. Brown. 1989. Mitochondrial-DNA analyses and the origin and relative age of parthenogenetic lizards (Genus Cnemidophorus). III. C. velox and C. exsanguinis Complex. Evolution 43:958-968.
385.5 Morris, D. 1967. The naked ape. New York: McGraw-Hill.
385.7 ——1970. Patterns of reproductive behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
386.6 Morris, H. 1953. Morris' human anatomy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
386.65 Morris, H.C. 1998. The crucible of creation: The Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
387.8 Morrison, S.R., T.E. Bond, and H. Heitman. 1967. Skin and moisture loss from swine. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 10:691-696.
389.4 Moss, M.L., and R.W. Young. 1960. A functional approach to craniology. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 18:281-292.
389.7 Mount, L.E. 1962. Evaporative heat loss in the new-born pig. J. Physiol. 164:274-281.
390.1 ——1963. Responses to thermal environment in new-born pigs. Fedn. Proc. Fedn. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 22:818-823.
390.2 ——1964. Tissue and air components of thermal insulation in the new- born pig. J. Physiol. 170:286-295.
390.3 ——1965. The young pig and its physical environment. In: Energy metabolism, ed., K.L. Blaxter, pp. 379-385. London: Academic Press.
390.5 ——1986. The climatic physiology of the pig. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
390.8 ——1979. Adaptation to thermal environment. Baltimore: University Park Press.
393.3 Munson, L., and R.J. Montali. 1990. Pathology and diseases of great apes at the National Zoological Park. Zoo Biology,9:99-105.
395.5 Musgrave, J.H. 1971. How dexterous was neanderthal man? Nature 233:538-541.
398.5 Myers, R.H., and D.A. Shafer. 1979. Hybrid ape offspring of a mating of a gibbon and a siamang. Science 205:308-310.
398.7 Myhre, L.G., and S. Robinson. 1977. Fluid shifts during thermal stress with and without fluid replacement. J. Appl. Physiol. 42:252-256.
398.9 Nadler, R.D. 1975. Cyclicity in tumescence of the perineal labia of female lowland gorillas. Anat. Rec. 181:791-797.
399.1 ——1976. Sexual behavior of captive lowland gorillas. Arch. Sex. Behav. 5:487-502.
399.2 Napier, J.R., and P.H. Napier. 1967. A handbook of living primates. London: Academic Press.
399.3 Nelsen, O.E. 1953. Comparative embryology of the vertebrates. New York: McGraw-Hill.
399.5 Nelson, K., R. J. Baker, and R. J. Honeycutt. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and protein differentiation between hybridizing cytotypes of the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Evolution 41:864-872.
399.53 Nesov, L.A. 1981. Late Cretaceous flying lizards from the Kyzyl-Kumy region. Paleon. Jour. 4:104-110.
399.54 Neves, N., M. Silva, J. S. Heslop-Harrison, W. Viegas. 1997 Nucleolar dominance in triticales: Control by unlinked genes. Chromosome. Res. 5:125-131.
399.55 Neubauer, G. 1925. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Beeinflussung der Schädelform. Z. Morph. Anthrop. 23:411-442.
399.6 Newman, H. H. 1915. Development and heredity in teleost hybrids. J. Expl. Zool. 18:511-576.
399.7 ——1917. On the production of monsters by hybridization. Biol. Bull. 32:306-321.
399.8 ——1918. Hybrids between Fundulus and Mackerel. J. Expl. Zool. 26:391-417.
400.5 Newman, R. W. 1973. Why is man such a sweaty and thirsty naked animal: A speculative review. In: The origin and evolution of man, ed., M.F. Ashley-Montagu, pp. 374-385. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
405.5 Nickel, R., A. Schummer, and E. Seiferle. 1954. Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Vol. 1. (Bewegungsapparat) Berlin, Hamburg: Paul Parey.
405.6 Nickel, R., A. Schummer, and W.O. Sack. 1960. Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. Vol. 2. (Eingeweide) Berlin, Hamburg: Paul Parey.
405.7 Nickel, R., A. Schummer, E. Seiferle, J. Frewein, H. Wilkens, and K. Wille. 1986. The anatomy of domestic animals. Vol. I: The locomotor system of the domestic mammals. (translated by W.G. Siller and W.M. Stokoe) Berlin, Hamburg: Paul Parey.
405.9 Nickel, R., A. Schummer, E. Seiferle, and W.O. Sack. 1973. The viscera of the domestic mammals. New York: Springer Verlag.
410.5 Nicolaides, N., H.C. Fu, and G.R. Rice. 1968. The skin surface lipids of man compared with those of eighteen species of animals. J. Invest. Derm. 51:83-89.
411.0 Nikolettos, N., Kiipker, W.,Demirel, C.,Schopper, B., Blasig, C., Sturm, R., Felberbaum, R., Bauer, O., Diedrich, K., Al-Hasani, S. 1999. Fertilization potential of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology.Human Reproduction, 14(Suppl. 1): 47-70. http://tinyurl.com/ycjybj4y
411.5 Nishimura, T., Mikami, A., Suzuki, J., Matsuzawa, T. 2007. Development of the laryngeal air sac in chimpanzees. International Journal of Primatology, 28:483–492. DOI 10.1007/s10764-007-9127-7. http://tinyurl.com/m4wol3s
412.85 Norman, D. 1985. The illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs. London: Salamander Books.
412.88 Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. 5th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P.
412.9 Nozawa, K., S. Takayoshi, Y. Kawamoto, and Y. Tanabe. 1982. Electrophoretically estimated genetic distance and divergence time between chimpanzee and man. Primates 23:432-443.
412.91 Obst, F.J., K. Richter, and U. Jacob. 1988. The completely illustrated atlas of reptiles and amphibians for the terrarium. Neptune City,New Jersey: T.F.H. Publications.
412.925 O’Foighil, D., T.J. Hilbish, and R.M. Showman. 1996. Mitochondrial gene variation in Mercenaria clam sibling species reveals a relict secondary contact zone in the western Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Biol. 126:675-683.
412.93 Oldereid, N.B., H. Rui, and K. Purvis. 1992. Life styles of men in barren couples and their relation ship to sperm quality. Int. J. Fert. 37: 343-349.
412.95 Oliver, W.L.R. (ed.) 1993. Pigs, peccaries, and hippos. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
413.1 Olsen, M.W. 1972. Further studies on hybridization of chickens and turkeys. J. Hered. 63:264-266.
413.2 O'Gara, R.W., and R.H. Adamson. 1972. Spontaneous and induced neoplasms in nonhuman primates. In: Pathology of simian primates, ed., R.N. T-W-Fiennes, Part I, pp. 190-238. New York: S. Karger.
414.5 Orwell, G. 1946. Animal farm. New York: New American Library.
414.7 Osborn, H.F. 1925. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York (Quoted in The Times, London, 25 Feb., 1928).
414.8 Osinov, A.G. 1993. Countercurrent dispersal, secondary contact, and speciation in lenoks of the genus Brachymystax (Salmonidae: Salmoniformes). Genetika 29:654-669.
414.83 Ospovat, D. 1976. The influence of Karl Ernst von Baer’s embryology, 1828-1859: A reappraisal in light of Richard Owen and William B. Carpenter’s paleontological application of von Baer’s Law. J. Hist. Biol. 9:1-28.
414.87 ——1981. The development of Darwin’s theory: Natural history, natural theology, and natural selection, 1838-59.” Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
414.9 Osther, K., G. Kellermann, K.E. Ugen, W.V. Williams, and D.B. Weiner. 1991. Protective humoral responses to the human immunodeficiency virus induced in immunized pigs: a possible source of therapeutic immunoglobulin preparations. Hybridoma 10:673-683.
415.1 Owen, R. 1838-1840. The Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Pt. 1: Fossil Mammalia.
415.3 ——1847. Notices of some fossil mammalia of South America. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Notices and Abstracts. (Southhampton, 1846).
415.5 Oxnard, C.E. 1987. Fossils, teeth and sex. Seattle: Univ. Washington Press.
418.5 Paladino, F.V., M.P. O’Connor, and J.R. Spotila. 1990. Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy, and thermoregulation of dinosaurs. Nature 344:858-860.
423.4 Panchen, A.L. 1992. Classification, evolution, and the nature of biology. London: Cambridge Univ. Press.
425.9 Parker, W.K. 1888. On the presence of claws in the wings of the Ratitae. Ibis: 5(6):124-128.
427.8 Parmelee, D.F. 1988. The hybrid Skua: a southern ocean enigma. Wilson Bull. 100:345-355.
429.4 Patten, B.M. 1948. Embryology of the pig. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: The Blackiston Company.
429.8 Patterson, C. 1978. Evolution. Ithaca, New York: Cornell U.P.
429.9 Patton, J.L. 1973. An analysis of natural hybridization between the pocket gophers Thomomys bottae and T. umbrinus in Arizona. J. Mamm. 54:561-584.
429.93 Pearson, P.L., M. Bobrow, C.G. Vosa, and P.W. Barlow. 1971. Quinacrine fluorescence in mammalian Y chromosomes. Nature 231:326-329
429.92 Pearse, V., J. Pearse, M. Buchsbaum, and R. Buchsbaum. 1987. Living invertebrates. Pacific Grove, California: Blackwell.
429.95 Pellicciari, C., D. Formenti, M. Zucotti, R. Stanyon, and M.G. Manfredi Romanini. 1988. Genome size constitutive heterochromatin in Hylobates muelleri and Symphalangus syndactylus and their viable hybrid. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 47:1-4.
429.97 Pellicciari, C., D. Formenti, C.A. Redi, and M.G. Manfredi Romanini. 1982. DNA content variability in primates. J. Hum. Evol. 11:131-141.
430.05 Pennisi, E. 1998. Genome data shakes tree of life. Science 280:672-674.
430.1 Pernkopf, E. 1924. Die Entwicklung der Form des Magendarmkanals beim Menschen. II. Die weitere Entwicklung des Magendarmtraktes von Zeitpunkt der Ausbildung der ersten Dunndarmschlingen angefangen. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgescht. 73:1-144.
430.3 ——1928. Eine divertikelartige Bildung am Magenfundus beim Menschen. Anatomischer Anzeiger 66:257-263.
430.4 Perret, J.-L., and V. Aellen. 1956. Mammifères du Cameroun de la collection J.L. Perret. Rev. Suisse Zool. 63:395-450.%726%
430.405 Perrins, C.M. and A.L.A Middleton. 1998. The encyclopedia of birds. New York: Facts on File.
430.42 Peters, H.F., and S.B. Slen. 1966. Range calf production of cattle × bison, cattalo, and hereford cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 37:12-20.
430.425 Phillips, A.R. 1986. The known birds of North and Middle America, distributions and variation, migrations, changes, hybrids, etc. 2 Vols. Denver, Colorado: Allan R. Phillips, Dept. of Zoology, Denver Museum of Natural History.
430.43 Pickering, D.E. 1968. Reproduction characteristics in a colony of laboratory confined mulatta macaque monkeys. Folia Primatologia, 8:169-179.
430.44 Pickford, M., and Senut, B. 1991. Decouverte d'un pangolin geant Pliocene en Ouganda. Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. Sci. Series II: Mecanique-Physique-Chemie, Sciences de la Univers, Sciences de la Terre. 313:827-830.
430.45 Pinheiro, L.E.L., S.E.F. Guimaraes, I.L. Almeida, A.B. Mikich. 1989. The natural occurrence of sheep × goat hybrids. Theriogenology 32:987-994.
432.7 Platz, C.C., D.E. Wildt, C.H. Bridges, S.W. Seager, and B.S. Whitlock. 1980. Electroejaculation and semen analysis in a male lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. Primates 21:130-132.
435.4 Pliny the Elder. Natural History, trans. J. Bostock and H.T. Riley. 6 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn.
435.5 Pliny the Elder. Natural History, trans. H. Rackham. 10 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
443.6 Pond, W. G., and K. A. Houpt. 1978. Biology of the pig. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Pub. Assos.
444.1 Poll, H. 1920. Zwischenzellengeschwülste des Hodens bei Vogelmischlingen. Beit. Pathol. Anat. alg. Path. 67: 40-56.
444.3 Prasad, R., and H. R. Singh. 1986. On the natural occurrence of an intergeneric hybrid between Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio (var. speculans) and its possible use in cold-water fisheries. Int. J. Acad. Ichthyol. Modina gar. 3:21-22.
445.5 Preuschoft, H. 1970. Functional anatomy of the lower extremity. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, vol. 3, pp. 221-294. New York: S. Karger.
445.8 ——1973. Functional anatomy of the upper extremity. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, vol. 6, pp. 36-120. New York: S. Karger.
445.83 Prince, J. H. 1956. Comparative anatomy of the eye. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
445.85 Provine, W. B. 1971. The origins of theoretical population genetics. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
445.9 ——1986. Sewall Wright and evolutionary biology. Univ. Chicago Press.
446.1 Puente, X. S., Velasco, G., Gutierrez-Fernandez, A., Bertranpetit, J., King, M. C., Lopez-Otin, C. 2006. Comparative analysis of cancer genes in the human and chimpanzee genomes. BMC Genomics, 7(1):15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-15. Open access: http://tinyurl.com/yblsup4s
446.3 Purohit, V.D., P.K. Basrur, and B.S. Reinhart. 1977. Exencephaly in chicken-pheasant hybrids. Brit. Poultry Science 18:143-146.
446.7 Quinn, J.P., W.H. Burrows, and T.C. Byerly. 1937. Turkey-chicken hybrids. J. Hered. 28:169-173.
447.2 Quiring, D.P. 1950. Functional anatomy of vertebrates. New York: McGraw-Hill.
447.4 Qumsiyeh, M.B., R.D. Owen, R.K. Chesser. 1988. Differential rates of genic and chromosomal evolution in bats of the family Rhinolophidae. Genome 30:326-335.
447.5 Rabinowitz, P.D., M.F. Coffin, and D. Falvey. 1983. The separation of Africa and Madagascar. Science 220:67-69.
447.6 Raboch, J. 1965. Spermiologische Befunde bei weiderholen Schwangerschaftverlusten. Zentbl. Gynäk. 87:194.
450.3 Radinsky, L. B. 1967. Relative brain size: A new measure. Science 155:836-838.
450.5 ——1987. Evolution of vertebrate design. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press.
451.3 Raingeard (de La Blétière, P.), 1938. Note sur un anthropoïde africain: le koula-nguia. Mammalia, 2:81-83.
451.9 Ramsey, E. M. 1982. The placenta: Human and animal. New York: Praeger.
452.35 Randolph, L. F. 1966. Iris nelsonii, a new species of Louisiana iris of hybrid origin. Baileya, 14:143-169.
452.4 Ransley, P. G., and R. A. Risdon. 1975. Renal papillary morphology and intrarenal reflux in the young pig. Urological Research, 3:105-109.
452.43 Ransom, J. C. (ed.) 1966. Selected poems of Thomas Hardy. New York: Macmillan.
452.45 Raphael, B. L., N. M. Loslutoff, J. G. Howard, and D. E. Wildt. 1989. Reproductive traits of male great apes: a review. Fertility in great apes, proceedings.
452.5 Raven, H. C. 1936. In quest of gorillas. XII. Hunting gorillas in West Africa. Sci. Monthly 43:313-334.
452.8 ——1950. Regional anatomy of the gorilla. In: The anatomy of the gorilla, ed., W. K. Gregory, pp. 15-188. New York: Columbia U.P.
455.5 Reader, J. 1981. Missing links: The hunt for earliest man. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Co.
456.3 Rehder, H. A. 1981. The audubon society field guide to North American seashells. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.
456.7 Reichard, T. A., G. F. Favata, C. Petionot, A. Gheres, N. M. Czekala, and B. L. Lasley. 1990. Reproductive management plan of Toledo Zoo lowland gorillas over the past 25 years. Zoo Biology 9:149-156.
456.9 Reichenbach, H. 1984. Myxobacteria: A most peculiar group of social prokaryotes. In: Myxobacteria: Development and cell interactions, ed., E. Rosenberg., pp. 1-50. Springer-Verlag: New York.
457.3 Reig, O. A., and P. Kiblisky. 1969. Chromosome multiformity in the genus Ctenomys. (Rodentia, Octodontidae). Chromosoma 28:211-244.
459.6 Retterer, E. 1907. De la forme et des connexions que présentent les fibro cartilages du genou chez quelque singes d'Afrique. C. R. Soc. Biol., 63:20 July.
460.5 Reynolds, V. 1967. The apes. New York: E. P. Dutton.
462.6 Reynolds, V., and G. Luscombe. 1971. On the existence of currently described subspecies in the chimpanzee (P. troglodytes). Folia Primatologia, 14:129-138.
463.9 Rhodes, R. 1986. The making of the atomic bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster.
466.2 Rieseberg, L.H. 1991. Homoploid reticulate evolution in Helianthus (Asteraceae): evidence from ribosomal genes. Am. J. Bot. 78:1218-1237.
466.4 ——1997. Hybrid origins of plant species. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28:359-389.
466.45 ——1998. Genetic map-based studies of reticulate evolution in plants. Trends Plant Sci. 3:254-259.
466.5 Rieseberg, L. H., R. Carter, and S. Zona. 1990. Molecular tests of the hypothesized hybrid origin of two diploid Helianthus species (Asteraceae). Evolution 44(6):1498-1511.
466.6 Rieseberg, L. H. and Soltis, D. E. 1991. Phylogenetic consequences of cytoplasmic gene flow in plants. Evol. Trends Plants 5:65-84.
466.65 Rieseberg, L. H., M. Beckstrom-Sternberg, A. Liston, and D.M. Arias. 1991. Phylogenetic and systematic inferences from chloroplast DNA and isozyme variation in Helianthus sect. Helianthus (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. 16:50-76.
466.7 Rieseberg, L. H., C. van Fossen, and A.M. Desrochers. 1995. Hybrid speciation accompanied by genomic reorganization in wild sunflowers. Nature 375:313-316.
466.8 Rieseberg, L. H., B. Sinervo, C. R. Linder, M. C. Ungerer, and D. M. Arias. 1996. Role of gene interactions in hybrid speciation: Evidence from ancient and experimental hybrids. Science 272:741-745.
467.2 Riggs, E. S. 1934. A new marsupial saber-tooth from the Pliocene of Argentina and its relationships to other South American predacious marsupials. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., n.s. 24:1-32.
467.7 Robbins, M. B., M. J. Braun, and E. A. Tolley. 1986. Morphological and vocal variation across a contact zone between the chickadees Parus atricapillus and P. carolinensis. The Auk 103:655-666.
468.1 Roberts, J. A. 1972. The male reproductive system. In: Pathology of simian primates, ed., R. N. T-W-Fiennes, Part I, pp. 878-888. Basel: S. Karger.
468.2 Robinson, J. T. 1972. Early hominid posture and locomotion. Chicago; London: Univ. Chicago Press.
470.13 Rodolfo, A. 1934. The physiology of reproduction in swine. I. The semen of boars under different intensiveness of mating. Philipp. J. Sci. 53:183-203.
470.15 Rodolfo, A. 1934. The physiology of reproduction in swine. II. Some observations on mating. Philipp. J. Sci. 55:13-18.
470.2 Roller, W. L., and R. F. Goldman. 1968. Responses of domestic swine to acute heat exposure. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, no. 68-433.
470.4 Romer, A.S. 1966. Vertebrate paleontology. 3rd ed. Univ. Chicago Press.
471.7 Rong, R., H. Cai, X. Yang, J. Wei. 1985. Fertile mule in China and her unusual foal. J. Roy. Soc. Med. 78:821-825.
471.8 Rong, R., A. C. Chandley, J. Song, S. McBeath, P.P. Tan, Q. Bai, and R.M. Speed. 1988. A fertile mule and hinny in China. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 47:134-139.
472.1 Rosas, F. C. W. 1994. Biology, conservation and status of the Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. Mammal Review 24:49-59.
472.4 Rose, K. D., T. M. Bown, and E. L. Simons. 1977. An unusual new mammal from the early Eocene of Wyoming. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Postilla, no. 172. New Haven: Yale U.P.
473.2 Ross, H. H. 1958. Evidence suggesting a hybrid origin for certain leafhopper species. Evolution 12:337-346.
473.3 ——1974. Biological systematics. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley.
473.6 Rowell, L. B. 1977. Reflex control of the cutaneous vasculature. J. Invest. Derm. 69:154-166.
Rowsell, H. C., Downie, H. G., Mustard, J. F. 1958. The experimental production of atherosclerosis in swine following the feeding of butter and margarine. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 79:647-654.
473.7 Roy, M. S., D. J. Girman, A. C. Taylor, and R. K. Wayne. 1994, The use of museum specimens to reconstruct the genetic variability and relationship of extinct populations. Experientia 50:551-557.
473.8 Roy, M. S., E. Geffen, D. Smith, E. A. Ostrander, R. K. Wayne. 1994. Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Mol. Biol. Evol. 11:553-570.
473.8 Rozkowski, I., and L. Sroka. 1962. The effect of the male factor on abnormal pregnancy. Gynaecologia 154:321.
475.6 Ruch, C. D. 1959. Diseases of laboratory primates. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
476.6 Rudd, R. L. 1955. Population variation in some California shrews. Syst. Zool. 4:21-34.
477.7 Russell, E. S. 1982. Form and function: A contribution to the history of animal morphology. Univ. Chicago Press.
479.5 Ruvolo, M., T. D. Disotell, M.W. Allard, W.M. Brown, and R.L. Honeycutt. 1991. Resolution of the African hominid trichotomy by use of a mitochondrial gene sequence. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1570-1574.
480.3 Ryan, T. J. 1973. Structure, pattern, and shape of the blood vessels of the skin. In: The physiology and pathophysiology of the skin, ed., A. Jarrett, pp. 577-651. New York: Academic Press.
482.5 Ryder, O. A., L. G. Chemnick, A. T. Bowling, and K. Benirschke. 1985. Male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and jack donkey. J. Hered. 76:379-381.
485.2 Sack, W. O. 1982. Essentials of pig anatomy. Ithaca, New York: Veterinary Textbooks.
488.2 Sambraus, H. H. 1990. Wahl artfremder sexualpartner bei Säugetieren. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wschr. 103:188-191.
488.85 Sang-Tao, D. J. Crawford, T.F. Stuessy, and T. Sang. 1997. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae). Am. J. Bot. 84:1120-1136.
488.87 Sathananthan, H. A. 1994. Functional competence of abnormal spermatozoa. Transfusion Medicine Reviews, 8:141-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3552(05)80029-X
489.8 Savage, T. S. 1847a. Notice on the external characters and habits of a new species of Troglodytes (T. gorilla, Savage) recently discovered by Dr. Savage near the river Gaboon, Africa. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2:245-247.
489.9 ——1847b. Notice of the external characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla, a new species of orang from the Gaboon River; Osteology of the same, by J. Wyman. Boston J. Nat. Hist. 5:417-443.
489.75 Savage, D. E., and D. E Russell. 1983. Mammalian paleofaunas of the world. London: Addison-Wesley.
490.3 Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., and B.J. Wilkerson. 1978. Socio-sexual behavior in Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes: A comparative study. J. Hum. Evol. 7:327-344.
492.6 Schaller, G.B. 1963. The mountain gorilla: Ecology and behavior. Univ. Chicago Press.
492.8 Scheffel, R. L., and S. J. Wernert. (eds.) 1983. Natural wonders of the world. Pleasantville, New York: Reader's Digest.
492.4 Schieber, A., and S. Ghisla. 1992. Prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase from pig and human kidney: purification, properties and identity with human carbonyl reductase. Eicosanoids 5(suppl.):37-38.
492.7 Schieber, A., and S. Ghisla. 1992. Purification and properties of prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase from pig and human kidney: Identity with human carbonyl reductase. Eur. J. Biochem. 206:491-502.
493.3 Schindewolf, O. H. 1993.Basic questions in paleontology: Geologic time, organic evolution, and biological systematics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
493.7 Schmitt, J., K. H. Lichte, and W. Fuhrmann. 1970. Red cell enzymes of the Pongidae. Human Genetik 10:138-144.
493.8 Schmitt, J., G. Tariverdian, and H. Ritter. 1971. Zur transspezifischen Variabilität der NADH-Diaphorase der Primaten. Humangenetik 11:95-99.
495.06 Schultz, A. H. 1936. Characters common to the higher primates and characters specific to man. Q. Rev. Biol. 11:259-283,425-455.
495.065 ——1937. Fetal growth and development of the rhesus monkey. Cont. Embryol. Carneg. Instn. Wash. 155:71-97.
495.063 ——1938. The relative weight of the testes in primates. Anat. Rec. 72:387-394.
495.07 ——1940. Growth and development of the chimpanzee. Cont. Embryol. Carneg. Instn. Wash, Pub. 318., Contributions to Embryology, V. 28:1-22.
495.1 ——1947. Variability in man and other primates. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 5:1-14.
495.2 ——1950. Morphological observations on gorillas. In: The anatomy of the gorilla, ed., W.K. Gregory, pp. 227-251. New York: Columbia U.P.
495.3 ——1950. The physical distinctions of man. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 94:428-449.
495.43 ——1956. Postembryonic age changes. In: Primatologia: Handbook of Primatology, eds., H. Hofer, A.H. Schultz and D. Starck, Vol. I, pp 887-1014. New York: S. Karger.
495.44 ——1956. The occurrence of pathological and teratological conditions and of twinning among non-human primates. In: Primatologia: Handbook of Primatology, eds., H. Hofer, A. H. Schultz and D. Starck, Vol. I, pp. 965-1014. New York: S. Karger.
495.5 ——1961. Vertebral column and thorax. Primatologia: Handbook of Primatology, eds., H. Hofer, A. H. Schultz and D. Starck, IV, 5. New York: S. Karger.
495.6 ——1964. A gorilla with exceptionally large teeth and supernumerary premolars. Folia Primatologia, 2:149-160.
495.65 ——1968. The recent hominoid primates. In: Perspectives on Human Evolution, eds., S. L. Washburn and P.C. Jay, vol. 1, pp. 122-195. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
495.7 ——1969. The skeleton of the chimpanzee. In: The chimpanzee, ed., G. H. Bourne, vol. 1, pp. 50-103. New York: S. Karger.
495.9 ——1973. The recent hominoid primates. In: The origin and evolution of man, ed., M.F. Ashley-Montagu, pp. 37-85. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
496.6 Schultz, M., and D. Starck. 1977. Neue Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zur Pathologie des Primatenschädels. Folia Primatologia, 28:81-108.
497.7 Schultz, R. J. 1973. Unisexual fish: Laboratory synthesis of a species. Science 179:180-181.
497.9 ——1980. Role of polyploidy in the evolution of fishes. In: Polyploidy: Biological Relevance, ed., W. H. Lewis, pp. 313-340. New York: Plenum Press.
503.3 Schummer, A., H. Wilkens, B. Vollmerhaus, and K. Habermehl. 1981. The circulatory system, the skin, and the cutaneous organs of the domestic mammals. The anatomy of domestic animals, Vol. 3. New York, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag; Berlin, Hamburg: Paul Parey.
503.5 Schwalbe, G. 1912. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des menschlichen Magens. Z. Morph. Anthrop., Sonderheft II:1-58.
504.9 Schwartz, F.J. 1972. World literature to fish hybrids with an analysis by family, species, and hybrid. Gulf Coast Research Laboratory. Ocean Springs, Mississippi.
505.1 Schwartz, J.H. 1987. The red ape: Orang-utans and human origins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
505.4 Schwarz, E. 1934. On the local races of the chimpanzee. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13:576-583.
505.5 ——1939. A propos du koula-nguia. Mammalia (Paris) 3:57-58.
505.55 Schwenk, K. and P. Spaak. 1995. Evolutionary and ecological consequences of interspecific hybridization in cladocerans. Experientia 51:465-481.
505.8 Sclater, P. L. 1904. The forest pig of Central Africa. Nature 10:626.
506.7 Scott, J. H. 1954. Heat regulating function of the nasal mucous membrane. J. Lar. Oto. 68:308-317.
506.8 Scott, W. B. 1903. The Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, Vol. 5, Palaeontology, Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds, Part i, Edentata. Princeton University Press.
506.82 ——1962. A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere. 2nd ed. New York: Hafner.
506.88 Searle, J. B. 1984. Three new karyotypic races of the common shrew Sorex araneus (Mammalia, Insectivora) and a new phylogeny. Systematic Zoology, 33:184-194.
506.93 Sedgwick, A. 1831. Presidential Address. Proc. Geol. Soc., Lond. 313.
506.95 ——1860. Objections to Mr. Darwin's theory of the origin of species. The Spectator. March 24th, pp. 285-286.
507.05 Seeley, H. G. 1870. The Ornithosauria: An elementary study of the bones of Pterodactyls. Cambridge.
507.1 Seibold, H. R., Wolf, R. H. 1973. Neoplasms and proliferative lesions in 1065 nonhuman primate necropsies. Laboratory Animal Science, 23:533–539.
507.2 Seuánez, H. N., A. D. Carothers, D. E. Martin, and R. V. Short. 1977. Morphological abnormalities in the spermatozoa of man and the great apes. Nature 270:345-347.
507.23 ——1979. The phylogeny of human chromosomes. New York: Springer Verlag.
507.34 Shea, B. T. 1984. Between the gorilla and the chimpanzee: A history of debate concerning the existence of the kooloo-kamba or gorilla-like chimpanzee. J. Ethnobiol. 4:1-13.
507.28 Sharov, A. G. 1971. New flying reptiles from the Mesozoic of Khazakstan and Kirghizia. Moscow, Akademia Nauk, Paleontological Institute, Trudy 130:104-113.
508.2 Shaw, D. D., P. Wilkinson, D. J. Coates. 1983. Increased chromosomal mutation rate after hybridization between two subspecies of grasshoppers. Science 220:1165-1167.
508.5 Sheehan, P. M., D. E. Fastovsky, R. G. Hoffmann, C. D. Berghaus, C. D., and D. L. Gabriel. 1991. Sudden Extinction of the dinosaurs: Late Cretaceous, Upper Great Plains, U.S.A. Science 254:835-839.
508.6 Sherwood, S. W., and J. L. Patton. 1982. Genome evolution in pocket gophers (genus Thomomys) II. Variation in cellular DNA content. Chromosoma 85:163-179.
508.7 Shively, M. J. 1984. Veterinary anatomy: Basic, comparative, and clinical. Texas A & M U.P.
509.1 Short, R. V. 1976. The evolution of human reproduction. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., ser. B, 195:3-24.
509.15 ——1977. Sexual selection and the descent of man. In: Reproduction and Evolution. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Comparative Biology of Reproduction held in Canberra, December 1976, eds., J.H. Callaby and C.H. Tyndale-Biscoe, pp. 3-19. Australian Academy of Science.
509.2 ——1980. The great apes of Africa. J. Reprod. Fert. 28(suppl.):3-11.
509.7 Shoshani, J., and P. Tassy. 1996. The proboscidea: Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives. New York: Oxford U.P.
510.2 Shrewsbury, M., and R. K. Johnson. 1975. The fascia of the distal phalanx. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 57A:784-789.
510.3 ——1983. Form, function, and evolution of the distal phalanx. J. Hand Surg. 8:475-479.
510.6 Shrewsbury, M. M., and A. Sonek. 1986. Precision holding in humans, non-human primates, and plio-pleistocene hominids. Human Evolution 1:233-242.
512.5 Shrigley, E. W. 1940. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the morphology of spermatozoa from Ring Doves, Pearlnecks, and their F1 and backcross hybrids. J. Exp. Zool. 83:457-459.
517.7 Shumov, A. V., and R. A. Rubtsov. 1981. [Comparison of ejaculates of the bison and its hybrids] (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 49, No. 565).
519.9 Sibley, C. G., and D. A. West. 1958. Hybridization in the red-eyed towhees of Mexico: the eastern plateau populations. Condor 60:85-104.
520.3 Sillar, F. C., and R. M. Meyler. 1961. The symbolic pig. London: Oliver & Boyd.
520.6 Simons, E. L. 1972. Primate evolution: An introduction to man's place in nature. New York: Macmillan.
521.4 Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. New York: Columbia U.P.
522.6 ——1984. Discoverers of the lost world. New Haven: Yale U.P.
521.6 ——1951. Horses. Oxford: Oxford U.P.
522.4 ——1980. Splendid isolation: The curious history of South American mammals. Yale U.P.
522.6 ——1984. Discoverers of the lost world. New Haven: Yale U.P.
523.4 Singer, D. S., R. D. Camerini-Otero, M. L. Satz, B. Osborne, D. Sachs, and S. Rudikoff. 1982. Characterization of a porcine genomic clone encoding a major histocompatibility antigen: Expression in mouse L cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79:1403-1407.
525.3 Sisson, S., and J. D. Grossman 1953. The anatomy of domestic animals. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
525.6 Skold, B. H., Getty, R. 1961. Spontaneous atherosclerosis of swine. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Ass., 139:655-660.
525.9 Slijper, E. J. 1966. Functional morphology of the reproductive system in Cetacea. In: Whales, dolphins, and porpoises, pp. 277-319. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
526.1 Sloan, C. P. 1999. Fathers for T. rex? New birdlike fossils are missing links in dinosaur evolution. National Geographic 196(5):98-107.
526.3 Smith, A. G., D. G. Smith, and B. M. Funnell. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge U.P.
527.2 Smith, G. 1912. Studies in the experimental analysis of sex: IX. On the spermatogenesis and the formation of giant spermatozoa in hybrid pigeons. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., n.s. 58: 159-170.
527.3 ——1912. Spermatogenesis in hybrid pigeons. Abstract in J. R. Micr. Soc., p. 600.
527.4 Smith, G. E. 1924. Evolution of man. London: Oxford U.P.
528.8 Smith, G. R., J. G. Hall, R. K. Koehn, and D. J. Innes. 1983. Taxonomic relationships of the Zuni Mountain Sucker, Catostomus discobolus yarrowi. Copeia (1), pp. 37-48.
528.9 Smith, G. R., R. R. Miller, and W. D. Sable. 1979, ‘Species relationships among fishes of the genus Gila in the upper Colorado River drainage’, Proc. First Conf. Sci. Res. Natl. Parks 1:613-623.
529.7 Smith, H. H. 1939. A fertile mule from Arizona. J. Hered. 30:548.
530.65 Smith, M. 1982. Review of the thylacine (Marsupialia, Thylacinidae). In: Carnivorous marsupials. Vol. 1, pp. 237-253. Mosman, N.S.W., Australia: Royal Zool. Soc. of New South Wales.
530.7 Smith, M. J. 1971. What use is sex? J. Theor. Biol. 30:319-335.
530.8 ——1978. The evolution of sex. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
530.85 Smith, M. M., and P. C. Heemstra (eds.). 1986. Smith’s Sea Fishes. New York: Springer-Verlag.
530.9 Smith, W. J., D. J. Taylor, and R. H. C. Penny. 1990. Color atlas of diseases and disorders of the pig. Iowa State U.P.
531.3 Sobotta, J. 1983. Sobotta's atlas of human anatomy. Baltimore, Munich: Urban & Schwartzenberg. (English translation of Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen, 18th ed., 1982).
531.8 Socha. W. W. 1984. Blood groups of pygmy and common chimpanzees. In: The pygmy chimpanzee, ed., R.L. Susman, pp. 179-200. New York: Plenum Press.
531.9 Soltis, D. E. and P. S. Soltis. 1993. Molecular data and the dynamic nature of polyploidy. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 12:243-275.
533.6 Sonntag, C. F. 1923. The anatomy, physiology and pathology of the chimpanzee. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (22), 323-429. tinyurl.com/ybhevjqt
533.8 ——1924. The morphology and evolution of the apes and man. London: John Bale, Sons and Danielson.
533.9 Sophocles. 1979. Oedipus Tyrannus. In: The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. New York: Norton.
534.1 Sperber, I. 1944. Studies on the mammalian kidney. Zoologiska bidrag från Uppsala, 22:249-432.
534.2 Sperino, G. 1897. Anatomie del cimpanzè. Torino, Italy.
534.3 Sperling, F. A. H. and R. G. Harrison. 1994. Mitochondrial variation within and between species of the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. Evolution 48:408-422.
534.5 Spilliaert, R., G. Vikingson, U. Arnason, A. Palsdottir, J. Sigurjonssson, and A. Arnason. 1991. Species hybridization between a female blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and a male fin whale (B. physalus): Molecular and morphological documentation. Journal of Heredity82:269-274.
534.6 Spörri, H. 1954. Warum ist das Schwein für den Herztod praedisponiert? Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, 1:799-809.
534.7 Sprague, G. F. 1991. Genetic exchange between kingdoms. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 1:530-533.
534.8 Spring, J. 1997. Vertebrate evolution by interspecific hybridization: Are we polyploid?’, FEBS Letters 400:2-8.
535.2 Stanek, V. J. 1969. The pictorial encyclopedia of insects. New York: Paul Hamlyn.
536.5 Stasko, J. 1976. [Hybrids of guinea fowl and domestic fowl.] (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 44, No. 1924).
536.7 Stauffer, J. R., C. H. Hocutt, and R. F. Denoncourt. 1979. Status and distribution of hybrid Nocomis micropogon × Rhinichthys cataractae, with a discussion of hybridization as a viable mode of vertebrate speciation. Amer. Mid. Naturalist 101:355-365.%790%
536.8 Stauffer, J. R., C. H. Hocutt, R. L. Mayden. 1997. Pararhinichthys, a new monotypic genus of minnows (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) of hybrid origin from eastern North America. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 7:327-336.
536.705 Stebbins, G. L. 1947. Advances in Genetics 1:403.
536.71 ——1950. Variation and evolution in plants. New York: Columbia U.P.
536.75 ——1957. The hybrid origin of microspecies in the Elymus glaucus complex. Cytologia, Suppl., 336-340.
536.8 ——1958. The inviability, weakness and sterility of hybrids. Advances in Genetics 9:147-215.
536.9 ——1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. London: E. Arnold.
537.1 Steffens, W., H. Jahnichen, and F. Frederich. 1983. Erfolgreich Vermehrung von Hausen × Sterlet-Hybriden (Huso huso & × Acipenser ruthenus %) (Pisces, Acipenseridae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 211:55-64. (Animal Breeding Abstracts 52, No. 7666).
537.3 Steiner, P. E. 1954. Anatomical observations on Gorilla gorilla. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 12:145-179.
538.4 Steiner, P. E., T. Rasmussen, and L. Fisher. 1955. Neuropathology, cardiopathy, hemosiderosis, and testicular atrophy in a Gorilla gorilla. A. M. A. Arch. Path. 59:5-25.
538.8 Steklenev, E. P. 1972. Morphological characteristics of the sperm of the subfamily Caprinae in connection with their hybridization. S. -Kh. Biologiya 7(4):500-506.
538.9 ——1983. Theoretical aspects of remote hybridization in mammals. Cytology and Genetics 17(6):60-72.
539.1 Stekenev, E. P., and T. M. Elistratova. 1992. [Reproductive ability of hybrids of banteng (Bos (Bibos) javanicus D'Alton) with domestic cattle (Bos (Bibos) primigenius taurus) Tsitologiya i Genetika 26:45-57 (Animal Breeding Abstracts 61, No. 4174).
539.6 Sternberger, H. 1937. "Nonesuch" has a birthday -- and kittens. J. Hered. 28:310-311.
539.7 Stephan, M. P. 1906. Modifications du syncytium nourricier dans le tube séminifère des hybrides. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 60:892-893.
539.72 ——1906. Sur le degré de développement des génitaux des hybrides. C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. 60:892-893.
539.76 Stewart-Scott, I. A., P. D. Pearce, H. F. Dewes, and J. W. L. Thompson. 1990. A case of sheep-goat hybrid in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 38:7-9.
539.78 Stokes, W. L. 1982. Essentials of earth history. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
539.8 Stoneking, M., S. T. Sherry, A. J. Redd, and L. Vigilant. 1992. New approaches to dating suggest a recent age for human mtDNA ancestor. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 337:167-175.
539.84 Storch, G. and G. Richter. 1992. The ant-eater Eurotamandua: A South American in Europe. In : Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal and W. Ziegler, pp. 209-215. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
539.85 Storch, G., and Martin, T. 1994. Eomanis krebsi, ein neues Schuppentier aus dem Mittle-Eozän der Grube Messel bei Darmstadt (Mammalia: Pholidota). Berliner Geozissenschaftliche Abhand., Series E: Paleobiologie 13:83-97.
539.88 Storch, G. and G. Richter. 1992. Pangolins: Almost unchanged for 50 million years. In : Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal and W. Ziegler, pp. 201-207. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
539.89 Storch, G. and F. Schaarschmidt. 1992. The Messel flora and fauna: A biogeographical puzzle. In : Messel: An insight into the history of life and of the Earth, eds. S. Schaal and W. Ziegler, pp. 291-297. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
539.9 Stoumboudi, M. T., M. Abraham, W. Villwock, A. Bentuvia, P. S. Economidis, and J. Shapiro. 1992. Gonad development and somatic growth in an intergeneric cyprinid hybrid from Lake Kinneret, Israel. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 8:110-121.
539.95 Strahan, R. (ed.) 1995. Mammals of Australia. Washington: Smithsonian Inst. Press
540.3 Straus, W. L., Jr. 1934. The structure of the primate kidney. Journal of Anatomy, 68:93-107. tinyurl.com/yahxajp2
540.6 Straus, W. L., and A. J. E. Cave. 1973. Pathology and posture of Neanderthal man. In: The origin and evolution of man, ed., M.F. Ashley-Montagu, pp. 216-32. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
540.8 Stringer, C., and C. Gamble. 1993. In search of the Neanderthals. New York: Thames and Hudson.
541.1 Strong, J. P., Eggen, D. A., Newman, W. P., Martinez, R. D. 1968. Naturally occurring and experimental atherosclerosis in primates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 149:882-894.
541.2 Struhsaker, T. T., and P. Hunkeler. 1971. Evidence of tool-using by chimpanzees in the Ivory Coast. Folia Primatologia, 15:212-219.
541.4 Stuart, S. N., and T. van der Willigen. 1980. Is Moreau’s sunbird Nectarinia moreaui a hybrid species? Scopus, 4:56-58.
541.5 Stubblefield, S.S., R.J. Warren, and R.J. Murphy. 1986. Hybridization of free-ranging white-tailed and mule deer in Texas. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:688-690.
541.6 Sumner, A. T., J. A. Robinson, and H. J. Evans. 1971. Distinguishing between the X, Y and YY-bearing spermatozoa by fluorescence and DNA content. Nature 229:231-237.
541.7 Susman, R. L. 1979. Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 50:215-236.
542.3 Swan, M. A. 1985. Transmission electron microscopy of impaired spermatogenesis in an avian hybrid. Gamete Res.12:357-371.
542.5 Sweader, W. R. 1937. Hybridization and the phylogeny of the genus Platysamia. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 25:163-242.
542.8 Swindler, D. R., and C. D. Wood. 1973. Atlas of primate gross anatomy. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
543.1 Swisher, C. C., W. J. Rink, S. C. Antón, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo and Widiasmoro. 1996. Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in southeast Asia. Science 274:1870-1874.
544.3 Symington, J. 1891. On the viscera of a female chimpanzee. Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, 10: 297-312. http://tinyurl.com/m7hc5bs
544.6 Syvanen, M. 1994. Horizontal gene transfer: Evidence and possible consequences. Annu. Rev. Genet. 28:237-261.
545.1 Syzmura, J. M. 1993 Analysis of hybrid zones with Bombina. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process, ed., R.G. Harrison, pp. 261-289. New York: Oxford U. P.
545.3 Syzmura, J. M., and N. H. Barton. 1986. Genetic analysis of a hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads, Bombina bombina and B. variegata, near Cracow in southern Poland. Evolution 40:1141-1159.
545.6 Szalay, F. S., and E. Delson. 1979. Evolutionary history of the primates. New York: Academic Press.
547.3 Taber, C. W. 1965. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. 10th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
549.1 Takahashi, T. 1982. [Hybrids of domestic fowl males and guinea-fowl females, produced by artificial insemination.] (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 50, No. 7643).
549.4 Takashima, Y., Y. Mizuma. 1982. The sex ratio of chicken-quail hybrids. Japanese Poultry Science 19:53-55. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 51, No. 612).
549.6 Takihara, H., J. Sakatoku, M. Fujii, T. Nasu, M. J. Cosentino, and A. T. K. Cockett. 1983. Significance of testicular size measurement in andrology. I. A new orchiometer and its clinical application. Fertility and Sterility, 39:836-840.
550.6 Tardieu, C. 1984. Evolution of the knee intra-articular menisci in primates. In: Primate evolution, eds., J. G. Else and P. C. Lee, pp.183-89. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
552.5 Tariverdian, G., H. Ritter, and J. Schmitt. 1971. Zur transspezifischen Variabilität der NAD-Malatdehydrogenase (E.C.: 1.1.1.37) der Primaten. Humangenetik 11:339-341.
552.7 Tariverdian, G., H. Ritter, and J. Schmitt. 1971. Transpecific variability of phosphohexose isomerase (E.C.: 5.3.1.9) in primates. Humangenetik 12:105-109.
556.6 Tattersall, I. 1995. The fossil trail. New York: Oxford U.P.
557.35 Taylor, D. J., P. D. Herbert, and J. K. Colbourne. 1996. The phylogenetics and evolution of the Daphnia longispina group (Crustacea) based on 12s rDNA and allozyme variation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 5:495-510.
557.4 Taylor, M. A. 1987. Reptiles that took to the sea. New Scientist 26:46-51.
557.7 Taylor, W. O. G. 1939. The effect of enucleation of one eye in childhood upon the subsequent development of the face. Trans. Opthalmol. Soc. U. K. 59:361-371.
558.8 Teleki, G. 1973. The predatory behavior of wild chimpanzees. Lewisburg: Bucknell U.P.
560.4 Terris, J. M. 1985. Swine as a model in renal physiology and nephrology: An overview. In: Swine in biomedical research, ed., M.E. Tumbleson, Vol. 3, pp. 1673-89. New York: Plenum Press.
561.7 Tettenborn, U., and Gropp, A. 1970. Meiotic nondisjunction in mice and mouse hybrids. Cytogenetics 9:272-283.
562.4 Thaeler, C. S. 1980. Chromosome numbers and systematic relations in the genus Thomomys (Rodentia: Geomyidae). J. Mamm. 61:414-422.
563.1 Thenius, E. 1970. Zur Evolution und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Suidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). Z. Säugetierk. 35:321-342.
563.3 ——1981. Zur stammesgeschichtlichen Herkunft von Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Thomas (Suidae, Mammalia). Z. Säugetierk. 46:108-122.
564.4 Thewissen, J. G. M., and M. Aria. 1994. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales. Science 263:210-212.
565.3 Thinnes, F. P., A. Meyer, and K. von Schwartzenberg. 1984. On a basic kDA muscle membrane protein in cattle and pig, presumably equivalent to the class II antigen associated p31 molecule. Animal Blood Groups and Biochemical Genetics 15:181-189.
567.8 Thomas, O. 1904. On Hylochoerus, the forest-pig of Central Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (2), 193-199.
569.5 Thompson, I. 1982. The Audubon Society field guide to North American fossils. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
573.3 Tisher, C. C. 1970. The morphology of the chimpanzee kidney: a comparison. In: G. H. Bourne (ed.), The chimpanzee, vol. 2, pp. 27-68. New York: S. Karger.
575.6 Topsell, E. 1658. The history of serpents, London: E. Cotes.
576.6 Troshina, A.I., and V.N. Tikonov. 1980. Cytogenetics of five generations of hybrids between wild and domestic pigs differing in karyotype morphology. Genetica 52/53:317-326.
577.6 Tumbleson, E.M. (ed.) 1985. Swine in biomedical research. New York: Plenum Press.
577.8 Tucker, E.M., B. Denis, and R. Kilgour. 1989. Blood genetic marker studies of a sheep-goat hybrid and its back-cross offspring. Animal Genetics 20:179-186.
578.3 Tutin, C.E.G., and W.C. McGrew. 1973. Chimpanzee copulatory behavior. Folia Primatologia, 19:237-256.
580.4 ——1986. Apes of the world. Parkridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications.
581.8 Tyndale-Biscoe, H., and M. Renfree. 1987. Reproductive physiology of marsupials. Cambridge U.P.
582.4 Tyson, E. 1699. Orang-outan sive Homo sylvestris; or the anatomie of a pygmie compared with that of a monkey, an ape, and a man. Osborne: London.
583.1 Uyeno, T., and G.R. Smith. 1972. Tetraploid origin of the karyotype of the catostomid fishes. Science 175:644-646.
583.14 van Valen, L. 1988. Paleocene dinosaurs or Cretaceous ungulates in South America. Evolutionary Monographs 10, Univ. Chicago Press.
583.17 ——1994. The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius. Evolutionary Monographs 15, Univ. Chicago Press.
583.2 van Valen, L., and R.E. Sloan. 1965. The earliest primates. Science 150:743-745.
583.4 van Valen, L. 1994. The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius. Evolutionary Monographs 15. Univ. Chicago Press.
583.5 Vallois, H. 1914. Étude anatomique de l'articulation du genou chez les primates. Montpelier (France): Coop. ouvrière 'l'Abeille'.
583.6 ——1929. Les preuves anatomiques de l'origine monophylétique de l'homme. L'Anthropologie 39:77-101.
583.63 Vandebroek, G. 1959. Notes ecologiques sur les anthropoides africains. Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 89:203-211.
583.64 Varki, A. 2000. A chimpanzee genome project is a biomedical imperative. Genome Research, 10:1065-1070. doi: 10.1101/gr.10.8.1065.
583.643 Varki, N., Anderson, D. et al. 2009. Heart disease is common in humans and chimpanzees, but is caused by different pathological processes. Evolutionary Applications, 2(1): 101–112. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352420/
583.645 Varki, N. M., Varki, A. 2015. On the apparent rarity of epithelial cancers in captive chimpanzees: Figure 1., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370: 1673.
583.65 Vasinetskaya, N.I. 1988. A comparative analysis of chromosome pairing in hybrids of bison with cattle, and in the original species. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 56, No. 7351).
583.67 Vervaecke, H., and L. van Elsacker. 1992. Hybrids between common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) in captivity. Mammalia 56:667-669.
583.7 Vladychenskaya, N.S., and O.S Kedrova. 1983. [Genome structure of interspecies fish hybrids]. Animal Breeding Abstracts, No. 1343.
583.9 Vogt, C. 1882. Die Säugethiere in Wort und Bild. Munich.
584.55 de Vries, H. 1889. Intracelluläre Pangenesis. Jena: Gustav Fischer. [English trans. 1910. Chicago: Open Court.]
584.6 ——1901-1903. Die Mutationstheorie: Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Entstehung der Arten im Pflanzenreich, vol. 1. Die Entstehung der Arten durch Mutation; vol. 2, Elementare Bastardlehre. Leipzig: Veit. [English trans. The mutation theory: experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom. 1909-1910. Chicago: Open Court.]
584.7 ——1905. Species and varieties: Their origin by mutation. Chicago: Open Court.
584.8 Vrijenhoek, R.C., R.M. Dawley, C.J. Cole, and J.P. Bogart. 1989. A list of the known unisexual vertebrates. In: Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates, eds., R.M. Dawley and J.P. Bogart. The New York State Museum. Bulletin no. 466., pp. 19-23.
585.3 de Waal, F., and F. Lanting. 1997. Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press.
585.47 Wahrman, J., and P. Gourevitz. 1973. Extreme chromosome variability in a colonizing rodent. Chromosomes Today 4:399-424.
586.5 Walker, A., and M. Teaford. 1989. The hunt for Proconsul. Sci. Am. 260:76-82.
588.4 Walker, E. P. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. 4th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U.P.
588.55 Walls, L. W. 1942. The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: Cranbrook Institute of Science.
588.6 Walters, M. W. 1952. Spontaneous chromosome breakage and atypical chromosome movement in meiosis of the hybrid Bromus marginatus × B. pseudolaevipes. Genetics 37:8-25.
588.8 Walton, A. 1952. Copulation and natural insemination. In: Marshall's physiology of reproduction, ed., A.S. Parkes, 3rd ed., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 130-60. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
588.83 Wang, C., V. McDonald, A. Leung, L. Superlano, N. Berman, L. Hull, R.S. Swerdloff. 1997. Effect of increased scrotal temperature on sperm production in normal men. Fertility and Sterility 68:334-339.
588.85 Wang, W.Y., R.C. Pai, C.C. Lai, and T.P. Lin. 1994. Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulonia taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA. Theor. Appl. Genet. 89:271-275.
588.87 Ward, P. 1992. On Methuselah's trail: Living fossils and the great extinctions. New York: W.H. Freeman.
588.89 Washburn, S.L. 1947. The relation of the temporal muscle to the form of the skull. Anat. Rec. 99:239-248.
588.95 Wasserman, A.O. 1957. Factors affecting interbreeding in sympatric species of spadefoots (genus Scaphiopus). Evolution 11:320-338.
588.955 Waters, D. J., Sakr, W. A., Hayden, D. W., Lang, C. M., McKinney, L., Murphy G. P., Radinsky, R., Ramoner, R., Richardson, R. C., Tindall, D. J. 1998. Workgroup 4: spontaneous prostate carcinoma in dogs and nonhuman primates. Prostate, 36:64–67. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980615)36:1<64::AID-PROS12>3.0.CO;2-G.
588.96 Wayne, R. K. and S. M. Jenks. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature 351:565-568.
589.4 Weber, M. 1904. Die Säugetiere. Jena: Fischer.
589.42 Weber, M. 1927-28. Die Säugetiere, 2nd ed.. Jena: Fischer.
589.6 Wegner, W. 1977. Defekte und Dispositionen. Tierärztliche Umschau 32: 80-86.
589.7 Weidenreich, F. 1941. The brain and its role in the phylogenetic transformation of the human skull. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., n.s. 31:321-442.
589.85 Weiner, A. S. W. W. Socha, and C. J. Sedgwick. 1973. Blood groups of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus): Further observations. Lab. Prim. Newsletter 12:6-8.
589.95 Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson, and H. Osmólska. 1990. The dinosauria. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
590.1 Weller, M. W. 1980. The island waterfowl. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State U.P.
590.2 Wellnhofer, P. 1991. The illustrated encyclopedia of pterosaurs. New York: Crescent Books.
591.4 Wells, R.T., D.R. Horton, and P. Rogers. 1982. Thylacoleo carnifex Owen (Thylacoleonidae): Marsupial Carnivore? In: Carnivorous marsupials. Vol. 2, pp. 573-585. Mosman, N.S.W., Australia: Royal Zool. Soc. of New South Wales.
592.5 West, J.L. 1970. The gonads and reproduction of three intergeneric sunfish (Family Centrarchidae) hybrids. Evolution 24:378-394.7
595.4 Wheeler, P.E. 1985. The loss of functional body hair in man: The influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality. J. Hum. Evol. 14:23-32.
595.8 Whetherington, J.D., K.E. Kotora, and R.C. Vrijenhoek. 1987. A test for the spontaneous heterosis hypothesis for unisexual vertebrates. Evolution 41:721-731.
595.9 White, M.J.D. 1973. Animal cytology and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
595.95 ——1973. Chromosomal rearrangements in mammalian population polymorphism and speciation. In: Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution, eds., A. B. Chiarelli and E. Capanna, pp. 95-128. London: Academic Press.
596.1 ——1978. Modes of speciation. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
596.2 White, M.J.D., N. Contreras, J. Cheney, and G.C. Webb.1977. Cytogenetics of the parthenogenetic grasshopper Warramba (formerly Maraba) virgo and its bisexual relatives. II. Hybridization studies. Chromosoma 61:127-148.
596.3 Whitehead, R.H. 1908. Function of the interstitial cells of testes. Anat. Rec. 2:177.
596.6 Whittaker, R.H. 1959. On the broad classification of organisms. Quart. Rev. Biol. 34:210-226.
596.8 ——1969. New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science 163:150-160.
596.9 Whittaker, R.H., and L. Margulis. 1978. Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems 10: 3-18.
597.9 Whittington, H.B. 1985. The Burgess Shale. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
598.6 Wiegand, K.M. 1935. Taxonomists experience with hybrids in the wild. Science 81:161-166.
599.2 Wiffen, J. and R.E. Molnar. 1988. First pterosaur from New Zealand. Acheringa 12:53-59. %763%
599.8 Wilkinson, A.F. 1976. The Lower Miocene suidae of Africa. In: The Fossil Vertebrates of Africa, eds., R.J.G. Savage and S.C. Corydon, Vol. 4, pp. 173-282. New York: Academic Press.
599.9 Williams, G.C. 1975. Sex and evolution. Monographs in population biology, no. 8. Princeton: Princeton U.P.
599.94 Williamson, P.G. 1981. Paleontological documentation of speciation in Cenozoic molluscs from Turkana Basin. Nature 293:437-443.
599.95 ——1981. Morphological stasis and developmental constraint: real problems for neo-Darwinism. Nature 294:214-215.
599.97 Williston, S.W. 1902. On the skull of Nyctodactylus, an Upper Cretaceous pterodactyl. J. Geol. 10:520-531.
599.99 Willmer, P. 1990. Invertebrate relationships: Patterns in animal evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
600.1 Willoughby, D.P. 1978. All about gorillas. Cranbury, New Jersey: A.S. Barnes and Co.
600.3 Wilson, A.C., R.L. Cann, S.M. Carr, M. George, U.B. Gyllensten, K.M. Helm-Bychowski, R.G. Higuchi, S.R. Palumbi, E.M. Prager, R.D. Sage, and M. Stoneking. 1985. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 26:375-400.
601.7 Wilson, L.G. Charles Lyell New Haven: Yale U.P.
601.8 Winking, H., B. Dulic, and G. Bulfield. 1988. Robertsonian karyotype variation in the european house mouse, Mus musculus: A survey of present knowledge and some observations. Z. Säugetierk. 53:148-161.
601.9 Winsor, M.P. 1979. Louis Agassiz and the species question. Stud. Hist. Biol. 3:89-117.
602.61 Winter, H., M. Kalat, B. Mayr, E. Dworak, and W. Schleger. 1988. Mithun cross Siri hybrids: cyto- and immunogenetic examinations and characterization of abnormal spermatogenesis. Res. Vet. Sci. 45:86_100.
602.62 Wishart, W.D. 1980. Hybrids of white-tailed and mule deer in Alberta. J. Mamm. 61:716-720.
602.63 Wishart, W.D., F. Hrudka, S.M. Schmutz, and P.F. Flood. 1988. Observations on spermatogenesis, sperm phenotype, and fertility in white-tailed × mule deer hybrids and a yak × cow hybrid. Can. J. Zool. 66:1664-1671.
602.65 Wislocki, G.B. 1942. Size, weight, and histology of the testes in the gorilla. J. Mamm. 23:281-287.
602.67 Witschi, E. 1929. Studies on sex differentiation and sex determination in amphibians. III. Rudimentary hermaphroditism and Y chromosome in Rana temporaria. J. Exp. Zool. 54:157-223.
602.68 Wittgenstein, L. 1961. Tractatus logico-philosophicus. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
602.695 Wolfe, K.H. and D.C. Shields. 1997. Molecular evidence for an ancient duplication of the entire yeast genome. Nature 387:708-713.
602.7 Wolfheim, J.H. 1983. Primates of the world: Distribution, abundance, and conservation. Seattle: Univ. Washington Press.
602.73 Wolkin, J.R., and R.H. Myers. 1980. Characteristics of a gibbon-siamang hybrid. Int. J. Primatology 1:203-221.
602.75 World Health Organization. 1970. Spontaneous and induced abortion. (WHO Technical Report Series, no. 461.)
602.79 Xiong, J., K. Inoue, and C.E. Bauer. 1998. Tracking molecular evolution of photosynthesis by characterization of a major photosynthesis gene cluster from Heliobacillus mobilis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:14851-14856.
602.61 Xu, X., Tang, Z.-l., and Wang, X.-l. 1999. A therinosauoid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature 399(6734), 350-354.
602.83 Yamashina, Y. 1942. A revised study of the muscovy duck, the domestic duck and their hybrid. Cytologia 12:163-169.
602.85 ——1943. Studies on sterility in hybrid birds. IV. Cytological researches on hybrids in the family Phasianidae. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Zool., 8:307-386.
602.855 ——1948. Notes on the Marianas Mallard. Pacific Sci. 2:121-124.
602.9 Yang, A.T.S. 1977. Water in the ecophysiology of pigs. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Adelaide.
603.05 Yerkes, R.M. 1939. Sexual behavior in the chimpanzee. Hum. Biol. 11:78-111.
603.1 ——1943. Chimpanzees. New Haven: Yale U.P.
603.13 ——1945. The great apes: . New Haven: Yale U.P.
603.2 Yerkes, R.M., and A.W. Yerkes. 1945. The great apes: A study of anthropoid life. New Haven: Yale U.P.
603. 8 Yonekawa, H., K. Moriwaki, O. Gotoh, N. Miyashita, Y. Matushima, Liming Shi, Wang Su Cho, Xiao-Lan Zhen, and Y. Tagashira. 1988. Hybrid origin of Japanese mice “Mus musculus molossinus”:Evidence from restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5:63-78.
604.7 Youatt, H. 1860. The pig. London: Routledge, Warne and Routledge.
605.4 Young, C.M.A., and J.M. Hopewell. 1980. The evaluation of an isotope clearance technique in the dermis of pig skin: A correlation of functional and morphological parameters. Microvascular Research 20:182-194.
610.4 Young, R.M. 1959. The influence of cranial contents on postnatal growth of the skull in the rat. Am. J. Anat. 105:383-415.
613.5 Yunis, J., and O. Prakash. 1982. The origin of man: A chromosomal pictorial legacy. Science 215:1525-1530.
615.6 Zeuner, F.E. 1963. A history of domesticated animals. New York: Harper and Row.
617.5 Zhang, R.C., and L.C. Duan. 1991. A study on the sperm production of hybrids of yaks and cattle. Acta Vet. Zootech. Sin. 22:231-234.
619.7 Ziegler, A.C. 1971. A theory of the evolution of therian dental formulas and replacement patterns. Quart. Rev. Biol. 46:226-249.
621.9 Zihlman, A.L., and D.L. Cramer. 1978. Skeletal differences between pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Folia Primatologia, 29:86-94.
625.5 Zong, E.Z., and G.Q. Fan. 1988. Spermatogenesis in B1 of a hinny female backcrossed with a male ass. Acta Zool. Sin. 34:135-138. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 57, No. 3957).
626.6 Zong, E.Z., and G.Q. Fan. 1989. The variety of sterility and gradual progression to fertility in hybrids of the horse and donkey. Heredity 62:393-406. (Animal Breeding Abstracts, 58, No. 1900).
628.6 Zubige, F. T. 1965. Atherosclerosis in the miniature pig. In: Comparative atherosclerosis. J. C. Roberts, R. Straus, eds., pp. 37-24. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, N. Y.
630.3 Zuckerman, S. 1933. Functional affinities of man, monkeys, and apes. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
632.7 Zuckerman, S., E.H. Ashton, and J.B. Pearson. 1962. The styloid of the primate skull. Bibl. Primat. 1:217-228.
650.4 Zumpe, D., and R.P. Michael. 1968. The clutching reaction and orgasm in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J. Endocrinol. 40:117-123.
Most shared on Macroevolution.net: